AIDS: nechirevo uye Tariro

Human Immunodeficiency Virus kana Human immunodeficiency utachiona (HIV), ndezvaJehovha retrovirus mhuri uye genus Lentivirus. genus Izvi zvinosanganisira vamiriri anokonzera siyana zvinotapukira ropa uye Immune Deficiency ari mhuka.

Mavambo uye kuziva

Izvi mhando chinomiririrwa vaviri vasiri cellular yomuchipatara - HIV-1 uye HIV-2, anokwanisa kukonzera Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome - (. Engl Acquired immunodeficiency chirwere, AIDS) AIDS. Zvisinei, subtypes izvi zvisingapindirani kumhanya chirwere kukura. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti wechipiri HIV-2 mhando zvishoma chisimba kuti zvirwere yevanhu gadziriro. Akanga rinoparadzirwa muAsia, Europe, America uye Africa.

The shamisa Kuwanika yakabudiswa mumagazini inonzi Science, apo yakawanikwa pamberi zvinotapukira mutumwa ari node nodes ngochani vakatambura pamusoro syndrome. DNA kuongorora kwakaratidza kuti subspecies vaviri immunodeficiency kwevanhu zvirwere vaine mavambo. The yepedyo HIV-1 akava utachiona hunokonzera kukura immunodeficiency mune tsoko, akatanga kufunga kwavari somunhu subspecies zvakafanana kwemarudzi. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti murume akanga wokutapukirwa kuonana nemhuka utachiona nayo. Chechipiri mhando aishamwaridzana lymphadenopathy.

Nyaya ino kutarisa kuti AIDS kunoitika, nemigumisiro kupararira rutsigiro raro dzemuviri.

makaita urongwa

Chirwere urongwa runowanzoitika utachiona zvose. Inside muchitokisi, kutapuriranwa mumiririri integrates DNA mariri hondo chromosomal akamonyoroka, nokudaro kuchinja hunhu waro Gene okuti, zvichiguma nokuwedzera chikamu nyanyisa anomera.

AIDS anovandudza pamwe ingestion nezvirwere HIV pomutumwa. It hwacho zvose masero pamusoro pemvura ine imwe immunoglobulin Kanotokonya. Munguva pabonde nevanhu ane chirwere nemumwe rinogadzirirwa yokutanga utachiona dendritic masero uye macrophages, achifamba-famba ari epithelium kuti sikarudzi, receptors izvi uye T lymphocytes (T masero kuti azive uye kuparadza vavatorwa maantigen) chipo ari muzvizhinji iri mucous membranes. Kana utachiona anopinda muviri kuburikidza mukaka, kepagedhi kushumira ake M-masero Peyer kuti makwapa akasvibirika.

Pakupedzisira, kana utachiwana anopinda muropa, izvozvo ndezvechokwadi anopinda node nodes, izvo nguva dzose varipo zvinogona hondo masero kutaura T-lymphocytes. The node nodes zviri mukati masero antigen-kupa (kuparadza maantigen), izvo zvinogona kutapurira utachiona AIDS. Migumisiro zvinogara zvakakura chaizvo.

pavaipfuura chirwere

Mumazuva okutanga pashure utachiona hwapedyo rikwanise chokutambudzika chirwere kana utachiona anowedzera nokukurumidza vatakuri vari zvinenge zvose masero immunoglobulin receptors, vakawanda vavo anofa. Zvadaro kutapuriranwa mumiririri anova Isimba rakadini rinogona kubudiswa ehurumende uye inochengeterwa ainyanya sechinhu provirus (achitaurwa nevanopinda zviri musero), vemunyika kunyanya T-lymphocytes. Vari aumba pashure musangano yakananga antigen, uye vari kusashanda kana anoonekazve. Havazivi bereka duku shoma achiparadzira mu muropa.

Zvadaro wouya asymptomatic pavaipfuura chirwere, umo nemavhairasi vakawanda anova majini heterogeneous nokuda kuunganidza kunotouraya. Vasingazvioni kwakaderedza nhamba T-masero nokuti kufa sezvo nemavhairasi kuberekana.

Izvi zvine ngozi uye AIDS. Migumisiro hosha kunoratidzwa yokuti pane imwe gare gare pavaipfuura chirwere nhamba T masero zvinoderedza achitsoropodza, chokuwanziridza kweutachiwana munyama pamusoro node nodes kunotungamirira degeneration kare, uye vazhinji utachiona hweHIV anova dziripo zvakawanda wehondo masero. Kusashanda cytotoxic vechikamu cellular masoja mhinduro, kuramba Anti-nemavhairasi antibodies, mune zvimwe zviitiko, akasiyana tishu tropism.

Munguva kukura chirwere uye chero zvinoita chirwere chinogona kuuraya kuti muviri. Tikafunga AIDS muvanhu vane wogadzirisa zvirwere kazhinji kuva nezvimwe zvirwere zvinokonzerwa nemavhairasi. Somuenzaniso, HIV yagara achinzi zvinokonzera kenza, asi pava paya yakabuda kuti kwakaderera masoja mamiriro kenza anokonzerwa yakasiyana zvachose utachiona, uye hachisi matambudziko HIV uye AIDS.

Sei zvirwere zvevanhu hurongwa asingakwanisi kukunda HIV hweHIV?

Chokwadi ndechokuti chirwere HIV akatendeuka kuva nounyanzvi "achifurira", kumira nheyo kutapata uye kubhadhara kuti zvakavanakira. "Zvinobatsira" ndiwo mano HIV refu varambe vari Isimba rakadini rinogona kubudiswa chimiro. Kana pakarepo pashure pokuiswa chirwere ane pathogenic kwacho kuri woutsinye, ipapo zvishoma nezvishoma (pamusoro akawanda) hunoparadza dziviriro yezvirwere mumuviri. The vanonyanyonangwa utachiwana vari T-lymphocytes. Kazhinji Vanomhanya anoverengeka masoja mhinduro siyana mune chirwere vanorasikirwa kugona kwavo kuwanda, uye nhamba kunoderedza. Mumwe rokuzvidzivirira masero (B-lymphocytes, monocytes uye NK-sero) kuziva kurega anonongedzera murevereri T masero kazhinji achi- autoimmune kuita. Zvakapera ishande kuitiswa uye masero ose antigen-kupa, sezvo ivo vari utachiwana.

Ndokusaka ndiri kuva zvakadaro migumisiro AIDS chirwere?

The neutachiona muviri pave neutralizing antibodies pamusoro HIV. Zvisinei, nhamba yavo kumbobvira yakakwirira, uye mune dzimwe pfungwa ivo kunyange kudzivirirwa somunhu rinodhaka nokuda variability kweutachiwana. In zvakafanana, dzinoverengeka synthesized antibodies, epitopes kuti bindepinde (moiety kuzivikanwa nemunhu antibody) nemavhairasi hamvuropu, uye pasina zvishoma nyore nekuti avo chaiwo chisimbiso glycoproteins. antibodies kwakadaro zvimwe havaratidzi kuzivikanwa masero ari zvirwere.

Mune zvimwe zviitiko, macrophages batanidza utachiona Kukwanisa kutaura mamwe receptors pamusoro pemvura chipfuro masero uye kupinda mukati kwavari endocytosis. Saka humoral masoja mhinduro, chombo simba vakawanda zvirwere muna neHIV chose wakaputsika.

zviratidzo

Pakarepo vanoona chirwere chakaoma, nekuti mukutanga zvokukura chirwere havana zviratidzo. A Zvakazoitwa zviratidzo zvinogona nyore kuvhiringidzwa nezvimwe zvirwere. Somuenzaniso, kuwedzere node nodes, chisingaperi kuneta uye simba, kurasikirwa kudya, uremu, kutadza kuyeuka, ita bvungapfunga pfungwa - zvose zvezviratidzo izvi zvinogona kukonzerwa muviri kwokusakwana. Uye ichi, sezvo dzimwe nguva migumisiro neHIV uye AIDS.

Naizvozvo, zvinotevera zviratidzo vanofanira kunyanya kuteerera: kunyanya vangadikitira kana chills, kunyanya panguva usiku, ari kubuda akasiyana-siyana yenzvimbo kana rashes paganda, kupfupika mweya uye kukurumidza vangakosora, fivha, nokuvhiringidzirwa zvakajairika bowel chaitika.

An chiratidzo chinokosha runoonekwa kuva wakawedzera kakawanda panowanikwa fungal zvirwere. Izvi zvinoshanda vose pabonde uye herpes nemavhairasi, hweHIV dzaiita zvokutaurwa mhango, uye vamwe. Saka, kuonekwa panguva yakawanda zvinotevera zviratidzo zvakakosha kuti kuedzwa, tisingatauri wepagore zvokurapa bvunzo rokuongorora AIDS nenguva. Migumisiro chirwere kungazviratidza chero nguva.

chirwere nhamba

Pasinei kuitwa navanachiremba, masayendisiti, voruzhinji, anotsigira nyaya, dambudziko harisati havaratidzi dzinodzorwa, uye kudzikamisa mamiriro kusvikira mukana. Maererano neWorld Health Organization, panguva pakuguma 80s kusvika 2006, kubva "hosha remakore rechimakumi maviri" yakauraya vanhu vanopfuura mamiriyoni 25. Nokuti nyika dzakawanda, dambudziko iri anova chakasimba. Maererano nemashoko pakaziviswa dzakawanda musangano musi AIDS muna 2010, vanhu vanopfuura mamiriyoni 40 vanoonekwa kuti utachiona vatakuri chirwere. Zvinokonzera uye migumisiro AIDS dzinotaurwa pamusoro.

Data pamusoro chirwere

Russian dzesayenzi-yakarongeka muzinda Anti-immunodeficiency chirwere vanopa zvinotevera mashoko ari utachiona, kubva 1994:

• 1994 - 887 vanhu.
• 1999 - 30647 vanhu.
• 2004 - 296 045 vanhu;
• 2009 - 516 167 vanhu.

Nokuongorora mashoko aya, zvinokwanisika kuti kuronda simba rinomutsa ari chekorera. Modern nzanga uye achiri inoda zvimwe kuongorora muviri wacho aikanganiswa nemavhairasi yomuchipatara zvakanga zvisina chaityisa zvokuti kushanda AIDS. On muviri utachiona mabasa zvakanga zvakajeka kunaka.

Mushonga uye Kudzivirira

Yakashuma HIV anokwanisa pave dambudziko huru kutsvaka nzira kurapa AIDS. zviyero Vakawanda kudzivirira kutapukirwa noutachiona dzinoitwa kweiyi masoja emuviri uye utachiona ari kutyora zvachose kwakarongeka kuita kwayo, izvo ichi nyaya kungaita kuti nezvimwewo nemigumisiro.

Hazvibviri kurwisa HIV, achiparadza zvose chirwere masero zvavo nokuti ichi kwaizounza kuti kusingarapiki kurasikirwa masoja ndangariro. Ndiwo matambudziko AIDS. On womunhu vanofanira kuva dzimwe migumisiro.

Kuvimbisa dzaizotungamirira kukura yokurapa AIDS - vatsvake zvinodhaka kuti kudzvinyirira kuberekana kweutachiwana pakutanga nedanho neizvi transcription, izvo sezvo zvakadaro zvachose ndisipo eukaryotes. In mirayiridzo iyi, vamwe kubudirira. Saka, kana mune rokupedzisira trimester pamuviri, amai kushandisa zvinodhaka kamwe "AZT" kana "Lamivudine", mwana muna 99% nyaya hadzina vakahakira HIV. Kushandiswa zvikuru antiretrotvirusnoy kurapa kana murwere anozadziswa kurapwa panguva reverse transcriptase 'inhibitor uye runovharidzira mamwe inhibitor, zvichibvumira kwemakore kunetesa kuchiita chirwere.

mhedziso

Vaccination kuzorwa AIDS anoramba musoro, sezvo haina kujekesa zvebasa matambudziko HIV pamusoro zvirwere zvakawanda. Not kwakaratidza kunyanya immunogenic epitopes ose nemavhairasi mapurotini. Kumhanya mutation kweutachiwana anenge apinda womunhu muviri chaizvo, izvo anobvisa mukana-refu pokumuka yokudzivirira, apo kundikana kubaya ungamutsa kukura chirwere. Ndivo anotyisa yakaipa ine AIDS.