Clostridium botulinum. Pathogen botulism

Munyika muno kune zvakasiyana zvakasiyana-siyana zvebhakitiriya. Zvose zvinopesana kubva kune imwe neimwe nenzira dzehutachiona, hutachiona hwechirwere nemamwe mavara. Muchikamu chino ndinoda kutaura zvakadzama nezvevhastridium botulinum, iyo inokonzera chirwere chakadai se botulism.

Nezve chirwere

Pakutanga, unofanirwa kutaura mazwi mashomanana pamusoro peswere iyo iyo inokonzera bhakitiriya. Saka, botulism chinhu chinodhaka chakanyanya kudhakwa. Iyo inoyerera zvakanyanyisa, kazhinji panguva imwechete inovhiringidza nheyo yenheyo yepamusoro, zvichida kuitika kwechirema. Une fecal-muromo nzira yekufambisa.

Kubva kwezita racho kuchava kunonakidza. Kubva muchiLatini, botulism inoshandurwa se sausage (botulus). Uye zvose nokuti kwenguva yekutanga mabhakitiriya aya anowanikwa muzvokudya izvi (uyewo mumitumbi yevakafa vakange vambodya kudya). Kazhinji kacho chirwere ichi chinobatanidzwa nekushandiswa kwehove yakasvibiswa uye yakasvuta, pamwe nehams.

A bit of history

Kwenguva yokutanga clostridium botulinum - causative agent we botulism - yakatsanangurwa kure ne1896 neasayenzi E. van Ermengem. Zvakangoitika panguva yekusimba kwakanyanya kwechirwere. Sezvatotaurwa, iyi pathogenic microorganism yakange yakarongedzwa zvakananga kubva kune ham, pamwe chete nemitumbi yevanhu vaiidya kare. Kwapera nguva yakati yakawanikwa kuti microorganism inosanganisira serovars 8, iyo inopesana nean antigenic yakakonzerwa neukisi (inodziumbawo). Iyo inonyanya kukosha ndeyeiyo, inonzi A, B uye E. Zvisinei, inofanira kuonekwa kuti zvese zvinokonzerwa nehupfu hunogona kuregererwa chete ne homologous serum.

Kuonekwa

Ko clostridium botulinum inoratidzika sei? Saka, bhakitiriya isati yakakura kwazvo, iyo kuguma kwayo inopoteredzwa. Chiyero chayo chakafanana ne 4-9x0.6-1.0 μm. Muviri wose, ine anenge 35 flagella, peritrichrally located. Inogona kugadzira spores. Tsvimbo ine spore inotaridzika sezvinoita tennis racket.

Ideal conditions

Ndeipi mamiriro ezvinhu evhastridium botulinum yakanaka? Nokudaro, iyo yakanyanya kutonhora yekukura kwayo inenge 35 ° C. Zvisinei, bhakitiriya inogona kuwedzera mukati mekushisa yakakura kubva pa10 kusvika ku55 ° C. Iyo microorganism inokurudzirwa zvakanakisisa:

1. Munharaunda yeKitt-Tarozzi. Iyi inyama yakakosha-peptone muto pamwe nekuwedzerwa kwechiropa, nyama yakadyiwa uye glucose.
2. Pamusoro pezvokudya uye hove dzehove.
3. Pano paine huwandu hwakawanda hwemapuroteni emhuka.

Mabhakitiriya anogonawo kuwedzera munzvimbo dzakasiyana. Saka, inonyanya kukosha glucose-agar yeropa (mumamiriro ezvinhu aya mabhakitiriya anofanana nezvikamu zve lentile kana yekotoni bwuru). Kunyange zvakadaro, vanogona kuwedzera mumutsetse wemvura. Muchiitiko ichi, kuiswa kweyunifomu kunoumbwa, uye mushure mekunge imwe nguva inopera inowira pasi pebhu.

Kuparadzirwa

Ndeipi kupi bhateri inonzi clostridium botulinum inowanikwa? Saka, "kugumburwa" pamusoro pavo kunogona kunge kune chero kupi zvako. Kazhinji kacho nzvimbo yekugara ye clostridium inosarudza nzvimbo dzinotevera:

1. Utumbo hwehove, mhuka uye kunyange makungu.
2. Mhepo (microorganisms inopinda ikoko pamwe nemasese).
3. Food products. Inonyanya kuipa munyaya iyi kune vanhu miti, mushroom, nyama nehove ndiro.

Mune ivhu, mbeu dzinopona zviri nani kudarika zvinomera zveviritiri. Spores inogona kumira nguva yakareba yokuomesa, kunotonhora kusvika -250 ° C, kunwa kubva kune imwe kusvika maawa matanhatu. Uye kunyange mune imwe sarudzo ye phenol (5%), spores yebhakitiriya inogona kuramba yakashanda kusvika 1 zuva. Pakubikwa, tsvina inoparadzwa kwemaminitsi gumi.

Sustainability

Iyo yakasimba sei botulism? Microbiology inoratidza kuti microorganism pachayo inoita zvakasiyana, iri mumamiriro akasiyana.

1. Spore fomu. Muchiitiko ichi, clostridia inonyanya kurwisana nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzekunze. Pakushambidzika kwe6 ° C kunogona kurarama kwemwedzi, kana uchibika pa100 ° C, vanofa kweawa imwe chete, pane kutonhora kwe 120 ° C - kwehafu yeawa. Spores inopesana nekusviba, kufungidzirwa kumasana, kuoma. Nezvekudzivirira zvirwere zvinogadzirisa zvirwere, chirongwa che formalin (20%) chinogona kuuraya bhakitiriya mumazuva maviri, ethyl doro - kwemwedzi miviri, uye sarudzo yehydrochloric acid (10%) - neawa.
2. Iyo fomu yezvinomera. Munharaunda iyi, clostridia inonyanya kuoma. Pachando chema 80 ° C inogona kufa mukati meawa.
3. Kana iri chepfu, iyo inoita nenzira imwecheteyo sefomu yezvinomera. Pakati pa100 ° C kwemaminitsi gumi, chepfu inogona kushandiswa. Yakagadzikana mune imwe nzvimbo yakaoma, asi inogona kushandiswa mualkali. Muchikamu chepamuviri, iyo tsvina yakaderedza basa rayo. Zvisinei, zvakasarudzwa ndezvorudzi rwe botulism E, iyo, pane zvinopesana, inowedzera kushanda mumatunhu evanhu mukati mezviuru gumi nezvitanhatu.

Ndepapi pane zvinyorwa zvinowedzera botulism? Microbiology, mushonga unotaura kuti kazhinji varwere vanowanikwa mune dzimwe nyika umo vanhu vanojairira kudya nyama kana hove yakakangwa. Nguva yemazuva ano munyaya iyi haina basa. Uyewo zera, zvepabonde, ruvara rwemunhu harukoshi . Munhu wose anogona kutapukirwa.

Pathogenesis

Botulism inodhaka yekudhakwa kunogona kukura mushure mekudya kwekudya zvakasvibiswa ne clostridia kana chepfu (tsvina inosunungurwa apo microorganism inopinda mumhepo inonzi anaerobic uye inotanga kubereka kwayo). Iyo inonyanya kukosha munyaya yekurapa chirwere chakadai se botulism, ndiyo chaiyo inonzi neurotoxin. Zvakakosha kutaura kuti ndiiye uyo ane simba pane zvese zviripo zvehupenyu. Maererano nevasayendisiti, zvinokwana 375 zvakanyanya kune chepfu uye zvine simba kudarika chepfu ye rattlesnake. Kana iwe ukawana uturu muhupenyu hwakachena, 1 mg chete inenge ine mamiriyoni zana ekuuraya anokonzera bhiza re white laboratory. Kana ari munhu, rufu runogona kuuya pashure pokutora 0.001 mg chete yeurourotoxin.

Neo netotoxin

Sezvatotaurwa pamusoro apa, mabhakitiriya clostridium botulinum anoshandisa neurotoxin yakasimba uye yakanyanya kutyisa, iyo inotyisa kwete kungofanana nehutano, asiwo kune hupenyu hwehupenyu. Zvakakoshawo kutaurira kuti ichi chepfu chinopisa zvakasimba. Mumukumbo unowanikwa nenzira ye prototoxin, muhutachiona hutachiona hunochinjwa mushure mehutano hwahwo nemakemikari emukati mudumbu. Izvozvo zvinokonzerwa ne enzymes yekudya zvakasimba. Chimwe chinhu chakasiyana-siyana: nekukurumidza kupindira muropa, zvave kutova kune chikamu chepamusoro chebhuku remimba. Neropa rinopararira kuburikidza nemuviri, kupinda mu-synurses neuromuscular.

Zvikamu zve toxin chiito

Uyezve zvakakosha kutaura kuti tsvina ye botulism ine zvikamu zvitatu zvezviito:

1. Chikamu chinoshandiswa (kana antitoxic serum inoshandiswa). Iyo neurotoxin inosunga kune imwe nzvimbo yekugamuchira.
2. Kuendeswa kwekisikiti munzvimbo yemvura ye cell neuromuscular junction cell. Kupisa kunokosha kune iyi danga. Iyo iyo pacheti pachayo yakaoma kuchinja.
3. Rwiyo rwemashoko. Muchiitiko ichi, inxin inovhara kutengesa kwehutano hwehutano mumusumbu. Pano, zviratidzo zvikuru zve botulism zvinokura.

Mhando dze botulism

Mukurapa, pane hune mana makuru emhando ye botulism:

1. Zvokudya, kana zvekare. Utachiona hunoitika nokudya zvokudya zvine chepfu.
2. Ranewoy. Urwu rudzi rwechirwere runobatanidza nekusvibiswa kwevanga revanhu pamusoro.
3. Botulism yevana vachangoberekwa. Ihwo hutachiona hwehutachiona hwemuviri wemucheche mwana ane mabhakitiriya.
4. Uncertain classification. Muchiitiko ichi, vanachiremba havagoni kutaura zvakakonzerwa nehutachiona nehutundu hwevanhu.

Nekutapukirwa

Munhu anoita sei kuti atange botulism? Utachiona hunoitika sei? Chokutanga pane zvose, zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti hazvibviri kutapukirwa neawa ye-clostridium. Zvisinei, iyi microorganism inopinda mumuviri womunhu nemhaka yezvokudya zvakasvibiswa nevhu rakaora kana nyota. Uyezve, nokuda kwekuitika kwechirwere chacho pachako, mabhakitiriya anodawo maitiro chaiwo. Saka, kana chikafu chikaunganidzwa tisati tambogadzirwa, microorganism inoshanduka ichiita fomu yeporesi, iyo inopesana chaizvo nekupisa. Mushure mokubika, iyo spores inotanga kuchinja mukati memiti yezvinomera, apo clostridia inovanzira chepfu inouraya. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti microorganism inotya kuvhara oxygen. Kudzorerazve zvokudya hazvikwanise kuuraya bhakitiriya yepathogenic (inoda kutonhora inenge 750 ° C kuti iiparadze). Uyezve, zvokudya zvine utachiona zvinopinda mumuviri womunhu, uye chirwere chacho chinoratidza nokukurumidza zvikuru.

The incubation period

Botulinum toxin mushure mekusvibiswa mumuviri inotanga kuita pakarepo. Izvi zvinoitika mumaawa ekutanga 8-22 pashure pokudya zvokudya zvakasvibiswa. Zvisinei, muvhareji yenguva maawa 10-12.

Clinical picture of the disease

Chii chinoitika kumuviri wemunhu mushure mekutachiona nemubhadharo wakapiwa? Nokudaro, pakutanga, zviratidzo zvinenge zvakafanana ne gastroenteritis (inoputira muitiro we mucous membrane yemukati muduku uye mudumbu). Zviratidzo zvikuru zvinokonzera botulism ndeizvi:

1. Dumbu remuviri, kunyanya mujinga. Hurwa huchakura, huchapararira.
2. Icho kutonhora kazhinji hazviwedzere.
3. Chigaro chinogona kusvika kusvika makumi maviri pazuva. Inogona kuva mvura, yakawanda, nenzira yemupunga muto.
4. Kwose kushaya simba kwemuviri.
5. Kudzora.

Kuomesa uye nguva dzose chigaro chinogona kutungamirira kumarara akawanda emuviri. Muchiitiko ichi, zvipfeko zvinogona kuonekwa, kune mhedzisiro yemakwenzi pamusoro pechiso, zvimwe zvinokonzera ganda. Kazhinji kazhinji zviratidzo zvose zvinopera shure kwemazuva mashoma. Mumwe munhu anofunga kuti anotambura nehutachiwana hwemukumbo. Asi zvinoitikawo kuti hazviiti zvose zviri kufamba zvakanaka uye nokukurumidza. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, munhu angave ane chigaro uye achirutsa nekusvibiswa kweropa, uye kunogona kuva nekurwadziwa kukuru. Zvose zvinogona kuguma kunyange kuuraya nekuda kwekuonekwa kweNecrosis yemukumbo.

Pamusoro pemitambo

Ndepapi zvinowanzoita kuti utapukwe nechirwere chakadai se botulism? Mifananidzo ye foci yehutachiwana yakawanda, zvisinei, kazhinji idzi idzi dzinopa zvivako zvekudya, kunyanya kana munhu achidya mapuroteni emhuka kubva.

Kudzivirira

Ndezvipi zvinodzivirira zvinogona kudzivirira munhu kubva kune utachiona nehutachiona hwakapiwa?

1. Inogona kuuraya botulism nekubikira. Saka, usati wadya chero chimedu chekudya, zvakanakisisa kuibikira iyo kwemaminitsi gumi nemashanu. Izvi zvinotendera kuti tsvina iparadze. Uyezve, iwe haugoni kudya zvokudya zvekudya, zvivako zvaro zvinoputika.
2. Bhakitiriya inokonzera botulism inouraya pakadzika. Kana zvichibvira, nyama uye hove zvigadzirwa zvekudya zvinofanira kunge zvakanyanyiswa zvisati zvambobika. Zvichengetedze zvakare pane zvakanakisa pamatsetse ezasi pasi + 10 ° C.
3. Icho chinonyanya kukosha kuita mushroom. Sezvo iri pamusoro pavo izvo zvikamu zvevhustridium inotapukira ivhu rinogona kuramba.
4. Vanhu vaidya chikafu chakafanana nevanorwara botulism, vanofanira kunge vari pasi pekutarisirwa kwechiremba. Vanodawo kutumira amniototic antibotulinum serum uye enterosorbents seprophylaxis.

Forecast

Ndezvipi zvingagumisa chirwere chakadai se botulism? Mifananidzo yekare yevarwere yakasiyana. Zvakafanana zvachose zvakabviswa kubva pavanhu vane chirwere, uye miviri yevakafa. Kusiyana kwekupedzisira kwekugadzirisa kwezviitiko kunogona chete kana murwere asingagoni kupa panguva yakakodzera rubatsiro rwakakodzera. Pasina kurapwa, botulism inotora hupenyu hwevanhu muma30-60% emhosva.