Mackintosh Charles Rennie - Scottish mapurani, muvambi Art Nouveau muna Scotland: a Biography, mabasa makuru

Charles Rennie Mackintosh - murume akaita mupiro mukuru kukura design, musiki yakasiyana nedzimwe mapurani maitiro uye dzepamusorosoro ndeuke mavakirwo remakore rechi19.

Kuberekwa yezvechitendero

The ramangwana muvambi Art Nouveau manyorerwo akazvarirwa mumhuri mupurisa muguta Glasgow, June 7, 1868. Chinofadza ndechokuti rinotevera mapurani huru, akaberekwa muguta, unova nhaka tsika Scotland uye kwete kuva guru, ane guru zvemari, mabhizimisi uye netsika basa. Panguva yakaberekwa wemwana, hapana aigona kufunga kuti mashomanana emakore zvichava rimwe rinozivikanwa unhu, izvo vanodada guta Glasgow. Wokutanga chinodiwa kuti ichi kuonekwa aine makore 5 nemakore apo mwana unoripa yakawanda kupenda, uye zvikurukuru, ruvara mufanidzo. Vabereki kutsigira zvinodiwa Charles, uye kuonga kwavari akapinda unyanzvi chikoro kuti unyanzvi hwake chido zvakasimba.

Glasgow Style

Over nguva yose kudzidza Mackintosh akaedza wekuvamba mutsva Graphics mutauro, akasiyana, kwakajeka uye isingakanganwiki. Nokuda Kuramba ichi nguva dzose sketched zvakasikwa zvitarisiko, mapatani uye marudzi ose ezvinhu, abatwa ziso rake. Papera chinguva, anoona kuti vaanodzidza navo zvakafanana tsika uye mabasa aunofarira, ivo ikashandiswa kuva boka "mana", iro achaiswa kukudziridzwa "Glasgow Style", asi zvinhu werudzii mumwe nomumwe nhengo boka zviripo.

Kubvira, kuvandudzwa kwemajoini basa siyana fenicha, mapepa nezvimwewo nechomukati zvinhu. Charles Rennie Mackintosh Anopfumisa okusika nyika, zvinotora kufambidzana okuruka dzimwe nhengo dzeboka, uye muna 1895 wakanyarara chitarisiko rokutanga panguva kwemasimba uri sezvo posita. Zvisinei, iyewo akatendeka mapurani okugadzira zvinhu, kusafanana nedzimwe nhengo dzeboka vasingadaviri maonero ake.

Kubudirira yokutanga

Muna 1900 Mackintosh Charles anoroorwa Margaret MacDonald. In muchato uyu achava kusvikira pakuguma kweupenyu, nokuda kwake dzinodiwa, anotiza mukana basa uye ake kubatana. Union akatendeuka akabuda zvikuru iwane, nekuti mukadzi wake ane dzakagadzirirwa vitrazhista uye painter, uye anewo zvakasiyana-siyana zvine chokuita. Iye anova neMuse naCharles pamwechete pave mazana omukati.

Mugore iroro Makintosh Charlz anoshanyira ari kuratidza muna nokuTurin, iyo anosika wokuScotland metende. Nhengo imwe neimwe "Four" akakokwa vashongedze imba ive pashoo kuVienna, iyo panguva iyoyo imwe yepamusoro muzinda chains-garde. Exhibits of vanoonekwa vari kwakabudirira zvikuru uye nokukurumidza kuwana vatengi vavo. Russia Duke Sergei Alexandrovich anokoka Mac kuMoscow. "Glasgow" kuri kuwedzera kukurumbira. Munich, kuDresden, Budapest nemamwe maguta mazhinji kuti aya maitiro, zviri kushingaira kushandiswa ezvivako zvikuru nemabasa avo. Charles anotora chikamu muna Moscow kwemasimba mapurani, iyo kunoshamisa vateereri uye anoita zvose Madhindindi nezvaro, azere manzwire. The ezvivako huru nguva vachifanotaura iye yemberi huru okusika.

maruva kuti okugadzira zvinhu

Charlz Makintosh, ane Biography zvichiratidza vomuzuva, ndiye chete nhengo boka "Four", uyo zvakakomba mubasa mapurani uye ane zvirevo muna Glasgow. 1890 - maruva kweguta muzvirongwa zvose. Glasgow anova zvokutenga uye basa muzinda munyika. It anosarudza kukura upenyu noutano tsika uye kupa mikana unyanzvi. Mackintosh akasika chirongwa chake chokutanga - "Lighthouse", inova chaiyo hurongwa vaparidzi veko.

Glasgow School of Art

Macintosh basa akakwira pashure kuziviswa makwikwi yokugadzira chivakwa hwemashiripiti Glasgow School, akanga vakakunda Makintosh Charlz. Basa iri rakanga nyore uye zvavo. Kushaikwa mari akabatanidzwa basa rokuvaka iro kwakasarudzwa kuti rakatsemuka kuva mativi maviri. Kuchamhembe yakavhurwa 1899, uye West muna 1907. Iye zvino ava kupfuura hubudirire murongedzeri anoedza naiyewo ari akagadzira. Pamusoro kupera, zvinova pachena musiyano pakati penhindi maviri building, pashure kuva mberi uye "kupopota". McIntosh nomukurumbira woku unyanzvi Artist.

Hill House

Kubudirira runoita kuti Charles pazvitsitsinho ake, uye muna 1902 akatanga afunge kumba kwake Hill House ( "Hill House") McIntosh. Location weimba vakanongazve zvakakwana: dzidziso, makemikari placement iri nzvimbo. Full kudzora chirongwa kubudirira kuburikidza kujairirana vatengi, vachibvumira kupfuura ushingiwo kuedza. Patronage pamusoro Ketrin Krenston, muridzi samambure yetii establishments muguta rose, havabvumirwi chete roga mari. Macintosh ndiye wokutanga uyo anoshandisa zvokudhindisa mu akajeka ari musha. Hill House ndicho okusika uye mathematically pamuviri basa mapurani. Style, zvichiguma magumo, yaishandiswa neimba madzimai chete Macintosh, apo kuedza yaiitwa pamwe placement, uyewo ruvara gamut kuti "munhurume" uye "nomunhukadzi" makamuri.

Sezvo kwakarongwa murongedzeri, pasi pauriri kushandiswa chete Vakadzi, makamuri vanhu nezvimwe zvivako iripo vaenzi, muri yepamusorosoro. Rooms of Luxe dzinoitwa nenzira yakasiyana werudzii, kufufutirwa zvakanaka kupinda zvinonyatsorehwa yokuti musha. Yakakura mahwindo, frieze, akaita mavara magirazi uye zvemapuranga pamadziro chena, leaded girazi, kushandiswa pakugadzira miviri kwemisha zvishongo zvesirivha, pepuru matauriro macheya uye kangas pamwe kwezvokufuka mukuru wakakombama.

rationalism munyori

Charles tarenda ndiko kugona kufunga kuburikidza purani uye magadzirirwo pfungwa yose yakanaka nezvokuzadziswa chinhu chaitika. Akafanirwa chishuvo kunonyanyisa rationality mu pfungwa dzavo Mackintosh Charles aifarira michina ano uye zvinhu, izvo zviri kushingaira kushandiswa mumabasa ake. Nokuda kwaizvozvi aiva innovator akanga asingatyi chokubatanidza kongiri pamwe cobble, girazi uye simbi, asi kubudirira kwayo chikuru ndiko kushandisa mapurasitiki mumabasa avo.

Baronial Style kuri muna Ages nhare pakati Scotland, zvakasimba rakabayirwa musoro wako uye Macintosh pamusoro pake, akafambisa akaitwa mabasa. Architecture kweItaly uye Greece, kushandiswa muScotland panguva yake, kwete vade munyori, kubva muna zvaanofunga, haana yakakodzera yomunharaunda ekunze. Functionalism zvinobudirira zvasangana kudanana mufananidzo chivakwa, vava saka waidiwa murongedzeri nokuda iyo.

End of mabasa vatenzi makuru

1914 anova gore mwoyo nokuda atsamwira kuti kudyidzana pamwe Honeyman. Rinotanga munhu yakaoma, achisununguka zhinji runyerekupe pamusoro mapurani. Mumwe anoti anonwa, munhu - haikwanise kuwana vatengi matsva nemhaka pezvawakaita. Charles hapana vakataura iyi uye kufunga kutamira kuVienna nokuti mukana nyika yake vakanga vaneta, uye simba rake muAustria akanga yekudyidzana kupfuura Glasgow. Plans achawira pamwechete pakutanga kweHondo Yenyika II. McIntosh akatamira Suffolk, apo iye akasika akatevedzana Watercolour zvidimbu. Nokuda basa rake inowira pasi nokusungwa musi kunyumwira kuti vasori. Papera chinguva, iye akakwanisa kudzivirira kwake mhaka, uye iye kwakamanikidzwa kuLondon.

Job kutsvaga havana kubudirira nokuda kunyanyisa vavariro Charles Macintosh, akanga achitsvaka basa, kuMudzidzisi chinzvimbo. London mapurani nyika anobvuma "Glasgow School" nderechinyakare manyorerwo uye inotiratidza kuti Classics. Charles Rennie Mackintosh mapurani, anovandudza fenicha, anoita siyana akarayira kuti vave mazano pamusoro micheka. Asi zvino kuti aisazokwanisa kuenderera mberi, uye zvaiva pachena kuti tinofanira kuita zvinhu zvinogona kuunza mamwe purofiti uye mafaro. Charles akasika dzakatevedzana macheya hunotanga zvirongwa wachi, nemwenje, fireplaces nematafura. nenhumbi dzake mberi kwenguva, sokunge pamitsara kuti akafanana tyava, vane geometric uye dzichipfekeka sendarama ushingiwo ano dambudziko. The Range mishonga kwayo awana kubudirira, asi mukana kuvaka richirimo, saka yave ndinosika dzakatevedzana emifananidzo.

Munyori wacho fenicha Charles Mackintosh

Model cheya, aizivikanwa nhasi, excites ari kuziva vanhu vazhinji akatenga chigaro Macintosh. yakakwirira zvikuru musana, kururamisa makumbo uye chigaro ari muchimiro trapezoid anosika pfungwa chinhu yekare uye zvikuru dzemhando yepamusoro. Pasinei neizvi, chairs zvikuru nyore: Millwork aine rectilinear chakagadzirwa. Chakagadziridzwa uye duku mashoko anokosha chakagadziridzwa yokupedzisira chigadzirwa. Kutamba mavara, zvinhu uye zviwanikwa unhu matanda akasiya zvisingafi maka kare. Nanhasi, zvidimbu izvi fenicha dzakakurumbira.

Pamakore okupedzisira oupenyu hwake Charlza Renni Mackintosh

Kusafara mapurani kuva gore rechi20 rinotaura kukura mapurani muGermany, apo manyorero ari Mac kuri zvisingachashandi, chinonyanya kukosha basa tenzi haafariri vanhu zvakare. Charles vakatamira kumaodzanyemba kweFrance, kuti ndipo achaita vanopedza makore okupedzisira oupenyu hwake asati afa kuLondon muna 1928.

Kusafara mapurani Mackintosh makuru, uye muupenyu hwake hwose akanga asina kugamuchira mhinduro yakadaro huru, vane aikodzera. Vazhinji mabasa ake vachiri kushanda nhasi, vamwe vakashandisa, vamwe nemagariro nhaka nyika. Furniture rakagadzirwa muzvirongwa ake, ane yakakwirira mwero wokutengesa, uye ayo magadzirirwo nzira dziri kushandiswa munyika nhasi. Sezvo kazhinji zvinoitika, kukudzwa uye kuzivikanwa akawana muridzi wayo afa. To musi - iyi ndiyo imwe zvikuru hunhu munhoroondo mapurani.