State gadziriro - chii ichi? Zviratidzo hurumende. Chii National polity

Polity nhasi chinoumbwa nezvinhu zvakawanda chivako, iyo zvakabatana chaizvo pamwe nechepakati zviremera uye dzomunyika yaiona-miganhu masangano. Kutaura zvazviri, misimboti nekuita pakati constituent vamapoka ehurumende uye pakati ndiyo chinhu chinoratidza kwesangano chimiro. The kunzwisisa ukama izvi, ukuru simba uye uchangamire uye anosarudza hunhu utungamiriri. Munyika yanhasi sangano hurumende vari kuwedzera nezvezvandaifanira democratic tsika. Izvi zvinonyanya kuoneka muenzaniso yeUnited uye nyika inoti, izvo anofunga zvido akasiyana.

The vakawanda pfungwa hurumende

In dzidziso mutemo, vane nzira dzakawanda kugadzirisa mibvunzo nemamiriro ehurumende. Kazhinji, ruzhinji yokurwisana pakati nyanzvi ndiyo tsanangudzo kupfungwa tichitarisa chaiyo siyana - semuenzaniso, imwe yeUnited kana unitary. Kunyange zvakadaro, zvinonzi vakawanda vaibvuma kuti bumbiro - muganhu maumbirwo enyika, izvo chinoita ayo kuparadzana munzvimbo yayo chinoumba zvikamu, uyewo buritsa ukama pakati zviremera. Kupatsanura midziyo siyana zvikuru pakutsvaga dhigirii youchangamire pane kuparadzana masangano mukati hurumende. Several vakasiyana mhando siyana, asi pfungwa kuparadzana tichingoda pakati unitary uye batana inoti. Uyewo kucherechedza ndiro chimiro, izvo hamuzi hurumende hurongwa. Somuenzaniso, panyaya iri kupa Interstate munharaunda, mibatanidzwa uye nenzanga munhu anoti.

unitary mamiriro

Ichi chimiro mudziyo kunoratidzwa muna kuti ayo chinoumba chimiro, kureva administrative dzakabatana havana zviratidzo rwakafara kuzvionera. Zvisinei kunzwisisa chimiro achiri inopa zvikunde masangano pachako kuisa mitemo. Tinogona kutaura kuti unitary hurumende mamiriro - ndiro sangano mamiriro enyika, umo nhengo dzose zvinosanganisirei imwe akanyatsorongwa, kuteerera simba, asi haina yayo changamire. Nyore muenzaniso uyu mhando asingagoveri administrative uye miganhu kupesana pacharo. Asi ichi ndicho Kazhinji - somuenzaniso, zvakadaro nyika diki dzakaita Singapore uye Marita. Ukuwo, mienzaniso munyika yakaoma unitary fomu kungasanganisira kupa vamwe kuzvionera constituent dzakabatana, izvo zvinogona miganhu kana extraterritorial. Muchiitiko chokutanga, somuenzaniso, kuzvionera anogona kuwedzera kune yoga nharaunda kana nzvimbo, uye yechipiri - zvinosanganisira chete vanhu imwe nyika.

Signs unitary mudziyo

Sezvinogona kuoneka, asi unitary chimiro angava vamwe kusiyana, asi kuti kunzwisisa nzira iyi urongwa Hurumende inofanira kutsanangura zvachiri nani. Saka unitary chimiro hurumende nyika mudziyo kunoratidzwa anotevera zvinhu:

• Zviremera vari akaumba munhu chete ezvinhu nezvezvaiitwawo kuzviisa pasi mumwe pakati. In ichi muviri zvemitemo anogona chete kuva rimwe-yokuvata mudziyo.
• State simba iri pfungwa zvavo pamusoro pehurumende sandara, uye dzidzo zvinoumba nyika vasina changamire, kuti, havasi akazvimirira uye vari pasi pakati.
• Single citizenship.
• zvemitemo hurongwa chinomiririrwa zvakaenzana. Muchiitiko chino, rimwe chete remitemo munyika yose.

Regional chimiro

Asati akatendeuka yeUnited hurumende, zvakakodzera patsanura uye Transitional chimiro - the emunharaunda. Muchiitiko ichi zvinofungirwa kuti munhu inotungamirwa mukati ezvinhu angava kuzvionera, uye nemasimba makuru. Izvi zvikurukuru wegadziriro zvakafanana ane yeUnited ezvinhu, asi pane zvimwe kusiyana. Somuenzaniso, remunharaunda mamiriro ezvinhu -, rudzi sangano munyika umo vahwo rusununguko rwakafara masimba asi achiri kufanira nechepakati hurumende. Zvapedzisira chinotaurwa kungaratidzwa nenzira dzakasiyana. Saka, asi Constitutional Court hazvo, mune dzimwe nyika, zvinokosha zvisarudzo mune yaiona-miganhu idzodzo. Saizvozvowo, uye voitakura kunze kudzora constituent zvikamu mamiriro. Muzviitiko zvizhinji, zvikuru kuzvionera ndiyo chete chezita. Asi kunewo mienzaniso zvakashandurwa, apo kumatunhu zvakazara rusununguko kukwanisa kuumba zviremera zvomunzvimbo, vaitarira, rinotema, uye zvichingodaro. D.

of state

Kusiyana unitary chimiro, mubatanidzwa kunoreva kupa mamiriro changamire zvimwe zvidzidzo, asi munzira duku. nzira iyi sangano uye inobva kuparadzirwa kwemasimba pakati kwematunhu utariri masangano uye pakati. By yezvakaita paumbwe zvinoumba munhu yeUnited mamiriro yakakamurwa muzvikamu zvitatu:

• Administrative Federation. Muchiitiko chino, zvinofungirwa kuti yaiona uye zvematongerwe enyika umo zvose zvayo womukati inotungamirwa vakaumba hwaro zvoupfumi, zvenhoroondo, nenzvimbo uye nezvimwewo zvinhu.
• National chimiro dzidzo. Mumamiriro mubatanidzwa zvakadaro nyaya dziri rakakamurwa National uye mitauro maitiro, izvo kuti marudzi vanogara munharaunda yacho.
• Mixed Federation. Uyewo inonzi National miganhu chimiro umo paumbwe rinoumba zvikamu zviri nezvatinovavarira miganhu uye National kupesana nenheyo.

Zviratidzo munhu batana mamiriro

Chimwe chikuru zviri chimiro ichi mudziyo ndiko kuparadzana zvinhu kwemasimba pakati huru kunobva simba uye Federation. Anotevera Pakanzi kusvika pamwero kubva yakapfuura - maviri weDanho mamiriro zviremera. Kureva vehurumende iyi inopa nokuda yeUnited bazi uye Paramende vaanotonga, iro anekodzero yokuumba yomunharaunda yaitonga. Uyewo kusiyanisa yeUnited marongerwo rinogona maviri weDanho hurongwa mutemo. Izvi zvinoreva kuti bumbiro uye wepamutemo kuumbwa vari vaviri panguva nechepakati pamwero uye panguva sangano pamwero. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, zvakamisa hurongwa anogona kuiswa dzomunharaunda chizvarwa - kuwedzera zvavo batana.

mubatanidzwa

Sezvatotaurwa, kana yakaoma kusvika kupfungwa hurumende, nemibatanidzwa hadzingoshandi nezvimiro dzesangano. Kunyange zvakadaro, pane kunze, zvimwe izvo zvinogona akatendeuka pamusoro uye mubatanidzwa. Panyaya iyi, hurumende hurongwa - mufananidzo chokubatana kunyika dzinoverengeka, iro riri chinozoiswa kuti vawane upfumi, enyika kana zvimwe zvinangwa. Kutaura zvazviri, chinoita kuti kufunga nzira iyi hurumende kukwanisa kubvisa mubatanidzwa Federation. Zvinofanira kufunga ndingangokuvara kuora yawo wandei unitary inoti. Confederation chimiro anozivikanwa mienzaniso paumbwe statehood muSwitzerland, Germany uye United States. Panguva dzakasiyana-siyana, nyika idzi dzinomiririra mubatanidzwa, iyo gare gare ichachinjwa kuva dzakazara mamiriro.

nezviratidzo Confederation

In aripo chimiro yacho Confederate zviratidzo polity zvakasiyana-siyana uye kazhinji kuuya apesane yacho chaiko. Somuenzaniso, Switzerland chete pamutemo achiramba mubatanidzwa, uye zvirokwazvo kare dzinoratidzwa batana marongerwo. Zvisinei, pakati zimbabwe zviratidzo mumwe mubatanidzwa ndizvo zvinotevera:

• Chero State inova chikamu sungano, unogona kuva mauto yayo zvombo uye zviremera. Panyaya iyi, chete pemasimba epamusoro kutungamirira rokuti zvikamu zviri kuumbwa panguva nechepakati chechetere.
• dzidzo Internal vane uchangamire, iyo inotaurwa kuzara wehurumende simba.
• Nhengo dzose mubatanidzwa wehurumende vane yayo remitemo uye kwemitemo miviri, uye kushandisa zvakafanana confederal remitemo pa chemhando chechetere. Zvisinei, chete muviri kwemitemo iri Union anoyera ikoko.
• Ugari Confederation, sezvinoita mutemo, hauna inopiwa.
• Paaizosvika zvinangwa zvavo, State nomumwe anogona nokuzvidira kusada Union.

Ndechipi National mamiriro ezvinhu?

statehood kashoma chinoitika pasina nokufunga peculiarities norudzi sovereignties vemarudzi akasiyana vanogara munyika. nzira iyi pakuronga anogona kutora nzvimbo mune unitary uye batana mamiriro. Zvikuru pedyo National-hurumende hurongwa chinhu yeUnited chimiro sangano chete, nokuti kazhinji rinoratidza kuvapo marudzi mazhinji mukati imwe nyika. Ndiko, kunzwisisa chii National polity, kunofanira kutungamirirwa multi-dzinza munharaunda. Kazhinji, vanonzi hurongwa rinoti apo vagari kurarama, achimiririra vemarudzi akasiyana.

political utongi

Muutongi Hurumende kunzwisisa enyika kuzvidzora, kwakunoitwa raora nzira, mhando uye nzira Implementation pakati ukama muvanhu. It runogonawo kuoneka senzira inotungamirwa uye kushanda enyika enyika. To musi, neChikomonisiti vakadaro akakodzera polity, gutsaruzhinji, authoritarianism uye totalitarianism. Mumwe nemumwe modes izvi kunoratidzwa yayo achishandisa simba, kuti pamwero vanhu vebasa, maitiro kune pamutemo kuumbwa, uye zvichingodaro. D. Zvakakosha kuyeuka kuti pezvokuvamba inotungamirwa enyika Hurumende iri chaiyo muoti ingavakirwa siyana platforms, kusanganisira zvishandiso Sociological, masangano, uyewo pfungwa.

chehurumende

Chimwe chinokosha pamusoro chimiro hurumende inzira hurumende. Ndiye anosarudza kuti Mazano kuumba hurumende. Somuenzaniso, apo umambo chehurumende, hurumende hwechiFascist, enyika uye tikwanise sangano simba ari pasi zvachose kuda mumwe. Ukuwo, Republic anosanganisira kuita paumbwe uye urongwa mamiriro ezvinhu hurumende iri chikamu munzanga uye, zvikurukuru, ose mugari. Mune imwe nyaya zvakanyanyisa kudaro kodzero hunopiwa pamwe mumiririri masangano, izvo zvaizoitawo vane basa kune veruzhinji.

mhedziso

Hurumende nemasangano akaumba pamusoro emakore akawanda, asi nhasi hatigoni kutaura kuti pane yunifomu kutaura kuna Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri sangano ukama pakati nechepakati hurumende uye emunharaunda vatambi. Panguva iyoyo, mamiriro ezvinhu ehurumende anotora dzimwe yokutevedzera, chikuru zvacho unitary uye batana siyana. Mumwe nomumwe wavo ane yayo nemamwe features, asi pane yakawanda kufanana. Somuenzaniso, soro muviri mitemo iri pose vari mitumbi chehurumende. Panguva iyoyo hazvirambiki kuti Federation inopa mikana yakawanda kuzvidzora sangano management masangano mukati kwavo utongi.