Molecular uye STRUCTURAL yokuita phenol

Phenols - guva zita anonhuhwirira alcohols. On the ehupfumi mhaka vane simba acids. An inokosha dzinobatsira kukosha vari homologues zhinji hydroxybenzene C ₆ H ₅ 0H (payakavakirwa Phenol) - nyore mumiririri kirasi. Ngationgororei izvi zvizere.

Phenols. The vakawanda fomura uye kupatsanura

The vakawanda payakavakirwa pamusoro Organic zvinhu Kwezvinonhuhwirira alcohols, - R-OH. Morekuru pacharo phenols uye cresols vakaumba kukuru - C6H5 phenyl, iro zvine chokuita mapoka OH (hydroxyl mapoka) mumwe kana kupfuura hydroxyl. By nhamba yavo paminiti Morekuru phenols dzinoiswa kupinda mono-, va- uye polyhydric. Monohydric yeimwe kwakadai phenol uye cresol. Rakajairika pakati polyhydric hydroxybenzenes - naphthols kuti ane racho sezvamunoita 2 fused neerekitironi.

Phenol - mumiririri zvinonhuwirira alcohols

Textile vashandi phenol aizivikanwa atova XVIII remakore vari: Varuki akarishandisa somunhu dhayi. Mune DISTILLATION kuti marasha tara muna 1834 mu Germany, riri kemisiti F. Runge akataura crystals zviri pfuma ine maitiro chinonhuhwira zvakanaka. The Latin zita marasha - carbo, saka akadana mukomboni carbolic asidhi (carbolic acid). Vatsvakurudzi German vakakundikana kuziva fuma. Phenol Molecular fomura rakavambwa muna 1842 O. Laurent vaitenda carbolic rinobva pane benzene. Nokuti asidhi idzva vakashandisa zita "phenyl". Sharl Zherar akasarudza kuti fuma iri doro, uye akaritumidza munhu phenol. Initial mafomu remubatanidzwa - mushonga, mukugadzira matehwe, kugadzirwa chakaita zvokugadzirwa madhayi. Zvinoitwa fuma pasi kukurukurwa:

• Pfungwa makemikari fomura - C ₆ H ₅ OH.
• The samolecular kurema mukomboni - uye 94,11. e. m.
• Chakakomba payakavakirwa the uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa., - C ₆ H ₆ O.

Electronic uye spatial sechivako morekuru phenol

Cyclic maumbirwo benzene payakavakirwa zvaipiwa German makemikari kemisiti F. Kekule muna 1865, uye nguva pfupi vasati - I. Loschmidt. Masayendisiti vane morekuru makemikari nyaya muchimiro munhu dzose Hexagon pamwe rakatumbuka kuroorwa uye kaviri zvisungo. Maererano pfungwa ano, ari anonhuhwirira rin'i - a chaiye dzeraundi mamiriro mhando, inonzi "conjugated chisungo".

Six kabhoni maatomu yokuedza muitiro sp ² -hybridization Erekitironi orbitals. Not munyaya inotungamirwa C-C zvisungo S.-Erekitironi makore bindepinde kumusoro uye pazasi ndege yacho Morekuru core. Pane vaviri zvakafanana Erekitironi gore anofukidza rin'i yose. Phenol STRUCTURAL payakavakirwa vangatarira zvakasiyana, vakapiwa nhoroondo yokusvika rondedzero sechivako benzene. Kuti asimbise unhu unsaturated zvinonhuwirira Mahydrocarbon, conventionally vaiona vatatu matanhatu miviri zvisungo iyo chinjana vatatu nyore.

Polarization nokuda boka oxy

In nyore inonhuwirira yeHydrocarbon - benzene, C ₆ H ₆ - Erekitironi gore riri zvakafanana, ichibata. phenol fomura anosiyana mumwe boka hydroxy. Kuvapo hydroxyl rinovhuna symmetry kuti zvinoratidzwa ehupfumi zviri pfuma. The ukama pakati okisijeni uye rehydrogen vari hydroxy boka - Polár covalent. Kushaya zvakajairika hangaiwa maerekitironi kuti okisijeni atomu zvinotisvitsa kunaka mutariri payo (kukwana). Rehydrogen anorasikirwa maerekitironi uye anowana zvishomanana mutariri "+". Mukuwedzera, okisijeni iri O-H boka ndiye muridzi maviri unshared Erekitironi yezvinoita. Mumwe wavo nokukwezvwa Erekitironi gore anonhuhwirira mhete. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, kukurukurirana kwava zvakawanda inobudisa, rehydrogen nyore chakatsiva simbi. The mhando kupa pfungwa yokuti asymmetrical yezvakaita phenol Morekuru.

Features chipingaidzo maatomu ari phenol

Imwe Erekitironi Gore anonhuhwirira nuclei mu phenol Morekuru ikasakendenga ane hydroxyl boka. It kunoitika Fani, conjugation zita, umo imwe bhodhoro atomu pachavo peya maerekitironi tunokwezvwawo hydroxy mapoka ane benzene mhete hurongwa. Kuderedza akaipa aitarisira ndanyarara hangu nemukuru polarization nokuda boka O-H.

The mhete anonhuhwirira uyewo dzinosiyana zvemagetsi Kuparadzirwa hurongwa. It ipfupi kubudikidza kabhoni iri vakasungwa oxygen, uye ichiwedzerwa panguva pedyo pawo maatomu ari ortho nzvimbo (2 uye 6). Pairing ndiko kuunganidza mutariri pamusoro pavo "-". Uyezve "kusuduruka arambe achirema - kufamba kwayo kubva maatomu panguva Meta-nzvimbo (3 uye 5) kuti kabhoni iri ya-nzvimbo (4). phenol yokudzidza fomura zvivanakire uye dzekuno coupling Kazhinji unotora vakaverengwa maatomu ari benzene mhete.

Tsanangudzo phenol kwemakemikari ehupfumi kwakavakirwa zvavo zvemagetsi mamiriro

Kurongedza conjugation of anonhuhwirira mhete uye hydroxyl sei ehupfumi zvose zvacho uye zvose zvinhu. Somuenzaniso, mukuru Erekitironi arambe achirema panguva atomu muna ortho uye ya zvinzvimbo (2, 4, 6) inoita C-H chisungo anonhuhwirira phenol kutenderera yakawanda reactive. Kwakaderedza akaipa nokuchengeta kabhoni maatomu ari Meta zvinzvimbo (3 uye 5). Kurwisa electrophilic inoramba iri nemakemikari vakafumura kabhoni iri ortho uye ya nzvimbo. The bromination maitiro benzene kuchinja kuitika pasi simba kudziyisa uye kuvapo anowedzera. Kuvakwa monogalogenoproizvodnoe - bromobenzene. Formula phenol anobvumira fuma kuti sei pamwe bromine substantially pakarepo pasina muchidziisa musanganiswa.

mhete anonhuhwirira kunokanganisa kubatana polarity hydroxy boka, kuwedzera izvozvo. Rehydrogen hunowedzera kuchinja, sezvo zvichienzaniswa nomuti alcohols. Phenol ikasakendenga pamwe alkalis, zvichiumba munyu - phenates. Panyaya iyi asingadi sei pamwe alkali, kana kuti, maitiro zvigadzirwa - ethanolates - anoora. In kwemakemikari mazwi phenols - akasimba asidhi kupfuura alcohols.

Vamiririri zvinonhuwirira alcohols dzekirasi

Molecular payakavakirwa homolog phenol - cresol (methylphenol hydroxytoluene) - C ₇ H ₈ O. zvakanyanya zvinhu dzinongoitika mbishi zvinhu chinowanzoguma phenol, anewo akambozvishandisa kuuraya utachiona ehupfumi. Other homologues pamusoro phenol:

• Catechol (1,2-hydroxybenzene). Chemical fomura - C ₆ H ₄ (OH) _2.
• Resorcinol (1,3-hydroxybenzene) - C ₆ H ₄ (OH) _2.
• Pyrogallol (1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene) - C ₆ H ₃ (OH) _3.
• Naphthol. Fuma Molecular payakavakirwa - C ₁₀ H ₇ OH. Rinoshandiswa nenzira zvaAtemisi madhayi, mishonga, zvinonhuwirira yeimwe.
• Thymol (2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol). Chemical fomura - C ₆ H ₃ CH ₃ (OH) (C ₃ H _7). Anoshandiswa chakaita zvokugadzirwa makemikari kemisitiri, uye mishonga.
• Vanillin kunze phenolic kukuru ine neEteri boka uye aldehyde vakasara. Molecular payakavakirwa remubatanidzwa - C ₈ H ₈ O _3. Vanillin rinoshandiswa nevakawanda sechinhu chakagadzirwa uhwiro.

Formula reagent nokuda kuziva miedzo phenols

Qualitative Kutsunga phenol kunogona kuitwa kushandisa bromine. Somugumisiro yacho kuzvitsinhanisa kuita chena precipitate tribromophenol. Catechol (1,2-hydroxybenzene) iri mavara rwegirini ruvara pamberi yakanyauka ferric chloride. Pamwe chete reagent ikasakendenga phenol uye triphenol aumbwa kuva Violet ruvara. Qualitative kwomusikirwo resorcinol - zvinoonekwa rima Violet ruvara pamberi ferric chloride. Zvishoma nezvishoma, ruvara mushonga kwaanoda vatema. The yemaitiro pamusoro reagent, iyo inoshandiswa kuziva zvimwe phenol uye ayo homologs, - FeCl ₃ (ferric chloride (III)).

Hydroxybenzene, naphthol, thymol - zvose phenols. The vakawanda yokuita pafuma yokuziva nhengo yeimwe aya anonhuhwirira akatevedzana. ari Organic yeimwe All tune kwavo nzira phenyl kukuru C ₆ H _5, izvo hydroxy mapoka Akabatanidzwa zvakananga kuratidza chaiwo ehupfumi. Vakasiyana doro yakanakisisa akaratidza acidic hunhu. Ichienzaniswa nezvinhu homologous dzakatevedzana benzene, phenols - zvikuru kushingaira namakemikari akakura.