Ndeapi mubhadharo wemakona ekudenga uye mumakwikwi?

Iva chiroto chemhepo yevakomana vazhinji uye kunyange vasikana. Asi rudo urwu rwemamiriro ose evanhu hahuwaniki. Panzira mumugwagwa, kuiswa kwakasimba kwevadzidzi kunenge kuchiitwa, kwete muRussia chete, asi munyika yose.

Izvo zvakaoma zvikuru kushanda mumakwikwi, unofanirwa kuva nekudzidziswa muviri kwakanaka uye kutsungirira. Chimwe chezvinhu zvakashinga zvikuru zvinoratidza mamiriro akasiyana. Izvi zvinokuvadza, uye mamiriro ezvinhu apo kune ngozi yakananga kune hutano uye hupenyu, saka unofanirwa kunyatsoteerera uye kunyatsoteerera.

General ruzivo pamusoro pekushanda munzvimbo

Mumamiriro ezvinhu ekushaya simba, nguva dzose zvinodzvinyirira zvinodonha uye zvimwe zvinodhura, kwete vose vanokwanisa kunzwa zvakanaka uye panguva imwechete vanoita mabasa anokosha. Mikana yekubhururuka munzvimbo inoita seinoidza, asi kubva kune zviuru zvevadzidzi vakarovedzwa pasi, chete inopinda mumugumo. Basa remhuka yezvisikwa rinoonekwa seimwe yezvinhu zvinonakidza uye zvinotyisa, saka vakawanda vari kubvunza mubvunzo uyu: "Ndeapi mubhadharo anoita zvinonzi cosmonauts?", Zvechokwadi zvinofanira kunge zvakakodzera.

Vakomana vaduku vakawanda uye mushure mokukura, kurota kwekufamba nenzira inoenda kune dzimwe nyeredzi, pasinei nengozi yese uye kuoma kwebasa racho, hazvibvi. Asi panguva imwecheteyo, vari kufunga nezvekuti iwe unogona sei kuverenga mubhadharo.

Space agents of the world

Zvikwereti zvipi zvakawanda zvinogamuchirwa zvinoenderana nesangano ravanoshanda naro, pane ruzivo uye hutungamiri. Masangano anozivikanwa zvikuru enyika:

1. Space Agency of Russia - "Roskosmos".
2. USA - NASA.
3. Europe - ESA.
4. Kanada - CSA.
5. Japan - JAXA.
6. China - CNSA.

Hasi sangano rose rinoda kutaura nemwoyo wose nezvekubhadhara kwakadini kune vashandi varo, semuenzaniso, chiJapan neChinese. Aya mashoko akavanzwa kunze. Zvisinei, hazvigoneki kuti ani zvake achave asina chokwadi pamusoro pemari yakawanda yevashandi vezvi nyika dzakapfuma uye dzakapfuma. Mhuka dzakawanda dzinobhadharwa sei nekubhururuka munzvimbo inogona kunzwisiswa nemuenzaniso weimwe nyika dzakabudirira.

Kubhadhara kune dzimwe nyika cosmonauts

Ndeipi mubhadharo wezvisikwa zvinonzi cosmonauts munyika yose? Nyanzvi dzinoshanda musangano reUnited States NASA dzinowana mubhadharo maererano nehutano hwakapiwa: kubva kuG GS-11 (nheyo yepamusoro) ku GS-14 (yakakwirira). Nyanzvi dzekutanga dzinogamuchira $ 66,000 pagore, dzidzo yepamusoro - kusvika ku $ 155,000 gore negore. Uye uwandu hwemari yevanyori vanogadzira pasi pano hwakasiyana zvakasiyana nemari iyo yavanowana munguva inotenderera. Ndi $ 170,000.

IEuropean Space Agency ESA inokweretesa kune vashandi vayo maererano nemitemo. Kwegore rebasa, cosmonauts inopa A2 chikamu uye kuripa mubhadharo we 59 000 € pagore. Mushure mokunge ichibhururuka munzvimbo, chidzidzo chinosimudzirwa kusvika kumwero weA4 ine mubhadha wegore we 79,000 €. Izvi zvinobva pa $ 6,500 kusvika ku $ 10 000 pamwedzi.

Munyika yeCanada sangano reCSA chete mabasa maviri e cosmonauts, uye haasati yamboita ndege. Mari inowanikwa mukambani iyi inotaridzwa pamatanhatu matatu. Pachishoma, maCanada anogamuchira $ 80,000 pagore, mari inopfuura $ 160,000.

Mubayiro weRussia cosmonaut

Zvitsva zveRussia zvinogona kuvimba nezvekubhadhara kwakakodzera kwebasa ravo rinotyisa apo iri mumasvingo. Ivhareji yenguva yekufamba kwemwedzi ndeye mwedzi mitanhatu, panguva iyo mari inotarirwa muhuwandu hwe $ 130,000 kusvika $ 150,000. Hazvisi zvakaoma kuverenga kuti ndeupi mushandi cosmonaut inogamuchira mugore. Mari yegore negore munyaya ino inotarirwa kusvika ku $ 300 000, asi iyo "nguva" nguva haisi nguva.

Kana tikaenzanisa muvhareji wemwedzi wepamwedzi wevatariri vepakati-kati kuMoscow, ari kumba, nekusingaperi nemhuri yake uye achishanda mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma (kubva pa100 000 rubles), zvino tinokwanisa kuwana mamwe mahedheni. Uye kana iwe uchifananidza mazamu akawanda uye anoda kuti vatambi vawane, vatambi vane misha yavo gore rimwe chete vanoverengerwa kwete nezviuru, asi nemamiriyoni emadhora, saka zvakakodzera kufungisisa. Mubairo wevanjiniya vanoshandisa pasi pano kazhinji pane zvishoma kudarika yevanyori vanoenda mumugumo, uye zuva ravo rekushanda rinotora maawa masere.

Uyewo mubasa chero ripi zvaro, pane zvinowedzera, 13 misha miri, mabhonasi, nguva yakawedzerwa. Nenzira yakajeka kutonga hutano hwehupenyu chete nemuenzaniso, izvo mubhadharo wemwedzi wevadzidzi, hazvina maturo. Misiyano inonzwika pano kwete muhutano hwemishahara, kuwedzera mari nemitero.

Mumwe mugari weUnited States anofanira kubhadhara mari yakakura ye inshuwarisi. Imba muCologne inodhura zvakawanda kupfuura, semuenzaniso, muTexas. Nokuda kwechimwe chikonzero, mutengo muRussia inowanikwa kakawanda kupfuura muAmerica, pane chimwe chinhu - zvishoma. Naizvozvo, kune vazhinji, mubhadharo weimwe nyanzvi muRussia inofungidzirwa zvakakodzera. Basa reAstronaut rakanyatsojeka, rakaoma, asi rinopa kurota, uye usati waedza kuishandura, unofanira kufungisisa.