Ndiwo basa uye kushanda mapuroteni muchitokisi. Chii mashandiro mapuroteni muchitokisi kuita?

Protein - chinonyanya kukosha Organic zvokuvakisa, uwandu iyo akavamba pamusoro dzimwe macromolecules zvose, izvo varipo vari vapenyu muchitokisi. Vanoumba zvinopfuura hafu kurema yakaoma nyaya zvose zvinomera nemhuka zvinenge. Mashandiro anoita mapuroteni siyana muchitokisi, zvimwe izvo zvichiri zvisingazivikanwi kuti sayenzi. Kunyange zvakadaro, pfungwa huru mirayiridzo yavo "basa" zvakanaka kunzwisisa. Vamwe vanofanira kukurudzira pezvakaitwa mumasero uye munyama. Other rinokosha chicherwa remubatanidzwa iri Kutamiswa kuburikidza muchitokisi Kamudzira uye ropa midziyo kubva nhengo kune mumwe. Vamwe vanodzivirira muviri dzimwe utachiona kazhinji. Chimwe chinhu pachena - pasina puroteni asingatakuri nzvimbo hapana urongwa mumuviri wedu.

The chikuru mabasa kwemapurotini

Mashandiro mapuroteni mumuviri siyana. Mumwe boka rine chairo namakemikari chimiro, anoita kushandiswa "basa". Mune zvimwe zviitiko, marudzi akawanda kwemapurotini chokuita nomumwe. Ndivo anokonzera zvakasiyana-siyana zvokukura chete muitiro. Kana kukanganisa mashoma. Somuenzaniso, mashoko pamutemo kushanda mapuroteni iri kwakaitwa makemikari uye mahormone. Fani iyi inogona raimiririra, vachiyeuka kemikari adrenaline. Akabudisa vanofunga rukoko pamusoro adrenal mumasero. Achipfuura nemidziyo ropa anowedzera okisijeni muropa. Rinokwira uye BP kunowedzera shuga kugutsikana. Kunomutsa kuti muviri. Uyewo, kuti adrenaline ari neurotransmitter pakati tsinga nehove, amphibians uye nezvinokambaira.

The enzymatic basa

Wanda zvichiitika masero zvipenyu nokukanganisika siyana zvinoitwa panguva mukuru tembiricha uye kwazvakarerekera ph. In ezvinhu akadaro, mwero ndima hapandiringani, saka zvakakodzera kushandiswa catalysts anozivikanwa makemikari. kusiyana kwavo zvose zvabatanidzwa 6 makirasi, izvo zvakasiyana specificity nezvaaiita. Makemikari zviri synthesized pamusoro ribosomes ari mumasero. kudzidza raisanganisira sayenzi enzymology.

Pasina mubvunzo, pasina makemikari havagoni kushanda pamutemo mapurotini. Vane refu selectivity kuita. basa ravo zvinogona nokudzorwa activators uye FIs. Uyezve, makemikari kazhinji kuratidza specificity panyaya substrates. Uyewo enzymatic basa kunobva zvinhu mumuviri uye zvikurukuru mumasero. Dzavo kuyerera zvazviri kufurirwa acidic ph, tembiricha, simba Ionic chemhinduro, i.e. wevasungwa pakati munyu iri cytoplasm.

Transport basa kwemapurotini

Muna keji vanofanira ndichiita muviri inoda zvicherwa uye makemikari nyaya. Vari zvinodiwa sezvo zvokuvakisa uye manyuko simba mumasero. Asi mashandiro avo kusvika iwayo kunzwisisa. Cellular membranes Zvinosanganisira kwete chete kwemapurotini. Biological membranes zvakavakwa maererano nheyo miviri paiva lipids. Pakati pavo mapuroteni siyana vari midzi. Zvakakosha chaizvo kuti hydrophilic nharaunda dziri pamusoro pemvura Kamudzira, uye hydrophobic - mu sa. Saka, chivakwa yakadaro inoita impermeable nevamwe. Kubudikidza hahungangovi pachavo, pasina "rubatsiro" zvakaitika inokosha zvinoriumba, zvakadai shuga, amino acids uye ions METOLIT. Mhiri cytoplasmic Kamudzira kupinda cytoplasm, vari zvifambiswe kushandiswa mapuroteni, izvo akatasva mune lipid akaturikidzana.

Transport kuti zvinhu kubva nhengo kune vamwe

Asi senga mashandiro mapuroteni rinoitwa kwete chete pakati intercellular fuma uye muchitokisi. Vamwe vasiri pezvakaitwa zvinokosha zvakakodzera kununura fuma kubva nhengo kune mumwe. Somuenzaniso, mashoko chokufambisa ropa mapuroteni - serum sealbumin. Zvinonzi rusununguko rakasiyana kugona kuumba mukomboni pamwe mafuta acids, anoonekwa ari kugaya mafuta, zvinodhaka, uyewo steroid mahormone. Hunokosha keriya mapuroteni vari Chizenga uye (kununura okisijeni Morekuru) transferrin (unobatanidza nesimbi ions) uye tseruplazmin (nokuumba zvivako nendarira).

Zvichikurukura basa kwemapurotini

Zvikuru mukufamba vasiri pezvakaitwa mu kunzwisisa zvipuka zvine masero akawanda zvinenge Kanotokonya mapurotini. Vari hwavapo kuti plasma membrane. Vanoshanda nokuti vanoona uye decoding nekuve anonongedzera vanopinda chinoramba karwizi masero kwete chete kubva pedyo munyama, asi nokubva kwokunze kwezvakatipoteredza. Pari zvichida kupfuura kudzidzwa Kanotokonya mapuroteni ndiyo acetylcholine. Zvinonzi munzvimbo dzakawanda interneuron nevanhu pamusoro muchitokisi membrane.

Asi aramu mashandiro mapuroteni rinoitwa kwete chete mukati masero. mahormone akawanda kusungira kusaruraude receptors zvavo pechiso. Kwakadaro chimiro kubatana uye ari chiratidzo iyo zvaanopa simba kuti vasiri pezvakaitwa mumasero. Muenzaniso mapuroteni kwakadaro jekiseni, kuita munyika adenylate cyclase hurongwa.

unodzivirira basa

Mashandiro anoita mapuroteni muchitokisi zvakasiyana. Vamwe vavo zvinobatanidzwa masoja mhinduro. Inochengetedza utachiwana mumuviri. The rokuzvidzivirira anogona kupindura dzimwe yomuchipatara vanozivikanwa kwetunhu nenhamba yakakura kwazvo lymphocytes. Izvi zvinhu vanokwanisa zvokusarudza kukanganisa vamiririri izvi, vangava vatorwa kuna muviri, akadai nemabhakitiriya, supramolecular nezvimedu, kana zvingava masero kenza.

Mumwe mapoka - "Beta" lymphocytes - kubereka mapuroteni kuti vanopinda ropa rukova. Vane anonakidza zvikuru chinhu. mapuroteni izvi vanofanira kuziva masero vavatorwa macromolecules. Vakabva navo, pova kunzwisisa kuti ndiko kuparadzwa. mapuroteni izvi inonzi immunoglobulins. Sami mutorwa zvinoriumba - nayo maantigen. A immunoglobulins, izvo anoenderana navo - antibodies.

mamiriro basa

Mumuviri, kuwedzera zvikuru kushandiswa, panewo STRUCTURAL mapurotini. Ndivo zvakakodzera inonzi zvokuimba simba. Mabasa aya mapuroteni muchitokisi zvinokosha kuramba chimiro uye achengetedze muviri kweuduku. The dzakakurumbira ndechokuti collagen. Ndiro huru mapuroteni pamusoro extracellular chizvaro pakati connective munyama. In dzakakwirira mhuka, zviri 1/4 of zvachose uremu kwemapurotini. Synthesized collagen muna fibroblasts, izvo masero chikuru connective munyama.

Mabasa akadaro kwemapurotini muchitokisi muri zvikuru. Kuwedzera collagen, anozivikanwa mumwe STRUCTURAL mapuroteni - elastin. Ndizvo varimowo muboka revaya extracellular chizvaro. Elastin anokwanisa kumupa mukana zvinyama tatamuka mukati zvimwe uye kudzokera nyore kune chepakutanga chimiro. Mumwe muenzaniso womumwe STRUCTURAL mapuroteni - fibroin, izvo zvinowanikwa silkworm mazana. Ndiro huru chezvinonhuwira sirika shinda.

motokari mapuroteni

Basa mapuroteni muchitokisi hunokosha. Ivowo kuita basa tsandanyama. Muscle marwadzo unokosha vasiri chichingoitwa. Somugumisiro, kutendeuka zvakachengetwa sezvo ATP macromolecules kupinda nemakemikari simba. Zvakananga muzvirongwa izvi mune mapuroteni miviri - actin uye myosin.

Izvi gwenya mapuroteni vari threadlike mamorekuru kuti kushanda contractile skeletal tsandanyama hurongwa. Vanewo kuwanikwa isiri tsandanyama dzomuviri mumasero eukaryotic. Mumwe muenzaniso injini mapurotini - tubulin. Pairi akavaka microtubules, izvo chinhu chinokosha pamusoro flagella uye cilia. Uyewo microtubules ane tubulin dzakaonekwa mumasero pamusoro huta nyama yemhuka.

mishonga

Huge inodzivirira basa mapuroteni muchitokisi. Part kwayo akarara ari muboka, unonzi inorwisa mabhakitiriya. Ava zvinhu rwokuzvarwa mavambo, izvo synthesized, kazhinji utachiona, nemaziso, notumwe tupukanana tusingaoneki. Vari nechinangwa kudzivisa vasiri dzinotsanagura dzimwe kukwikwidza zvipenyu. The Kuwanika inorwisa mabhakitiriya mapuroteni mavambo vaiva 40s. Vakaita revolutionized mushonga, achichipa simba riwedzere kuti kukura.

Nemakemikari hunhu hwavo, mishonga --siyana chaizvo boka. Ivo zvisingapindirani kwavo mashandiro nezvaaiita. Vamwe zvichikutadzisai mapuroteni usage mukati masero, yokupedzisira nechigumbuso kugadzirwa makemikari anokosha, tunodzivisa kukura wechitatu, chechina - kubereka. Somuenzaniso, kuzivikanwa streptomycin yakawanikwa kushamwaridzana ribosomes ari kwemabhakitiriya masero. Saka, havana zvinoshamisa DZEMUNHU DZINODZORA kubatana kwetunhu mapurotini. The date mishonga regai kushamwaridzana eukaryotic ribosomes womunhu. Izvi zvinoreva kuti zvinhu izvi hazvisi chepfu kuna kwakakwirira mhuka.

Izvi handizvo zvose mashandiro anoita mapuroteni muchitokisi. Zviri inorwisa mabhakitiriya zvinhu kuti asarudze, uye vamwe zvikuru kushandiswa zviito kuti izvi chaiyo zvakasikwa yeimwe vanokwanisa kushanda pamusoro utachiona uye kwete chete. Pari kuitwa kudzidza asingaurayiwi mapuroteni mavambo, izvo kudyidzana pamwe DNA kutyora kwemasayendisiti chokuita Implementation yokugara mashoko. Asi chero zvakadaro zvinhu zviri chete kushandiswa mishonga kenza. Muenzaniso wakadaro mushonga unorwisa utachiona iri dactinomycin synthesized actinomycetes.

muchetura

Mapuroteni muchitokisi kuita mashandiro yakananga chaizvo uye kunyange eccentricity. A zvinoverengeka zvipenyu mhenyu zvinoberekwa chepfu - muchetura. By hunhu hwavo, muri mapuroteni uye kunzwisisa pasi samolecular uremu makemikari akakura. Somuenzaniso, ine uturu howa pulp rufu mukombe.

Spare uye dzinodyiwa mapuroteni

Vamwe mapuroteni hunomubatsira sezvokudya tuvana zvemhuka uye zvinomera. Pane mienzaniso yakawanda. Kukosha puroteni muchitokisi nechipiriso mbeu akanyudzwa mariri. Vachamanikidza kudya utachiona zvinomera zvichiitika tanga vayo kukura. In mhuka zvokudya mapuroteni vari zai sealbumin uye mukaka casein.

Unstudied mapuroteni ehupfumi

The apa mienzaniso - chete chikamu kuti kare akadzidza zvakakwana. Asi zvakasikwa kuchine zvakavanzika zhinji. The mapuroteni ari mumasero kwemarudzi mazhinji ezvinhu akasiyana neevamwe, uye ikozvino kunyange zvakaoma patsanura navo. Somuenzaniso, monellin - imwe puroteni akawanikwa uye yoga kubva mumiti African. Inonaka inotapira, asi haakonzeri kufutisa uye non-muchetura. Mune ramangwana, zvinogona kuva chakanakisisa kutsiva kuti shuga. Mumwe muenzaniso - imwe puroteni rinowanikwa dzimwe hove Arctic, rinovatadzisa nechando ropa, kuita sezvo antifreeze chaiyo iri kuenzanisa. Vanoverengeka zvipembenene mapapiro resilin mapuroteni yeimwe kuzvibatanidza dzakasiyana anenge akakwana elasticity. Uye kwete kuti ndicho zvose mienzaniso zvinhu kuti zvichaita chete ongorora uye patsanura.