Non-membrane organoids: chimiro nemabasa

Zvose masero ezvisikwa zvipenyu zvinosanganisira membrane ye plasma, nucleus uye cytoplasm. Organoids uye inclusions inowanika mune zvekupedzisira. Organoids inogadziriswa mumagariro, imwe neimwe inoshandisa mamwe mabasa. Inowanikwa zvivako zvenguva pfupi zvinowanzobatanidzwa ne glycogen mumhuka uye starch mumiti. Vanoita basa rekuchengetedza. Inclusions inogona kuwanikwa zvose mu cytoplasm uye mumatrix ega ega, sezvinonzi chloroplasts.

Kutevedzana kwe organelles

Zvichienderana nechitarisiko chacho, zvakakamurwa kuva mapoka maviri makuru. Mu cytology, membrane uye kwete-membrane organoids inotengwa. Ikokutanga inogona kugoverwa mumasangano maviri: imwe-membrane uye maviri-membrane.

Mamwe-membrane organoids anosanganisira endoplasmic reticulum (reticulum), gorogi zvigadzirwa, lysosomes, vacuoles, vesicles, melanosomes.

Mitochondria uye plastids (chloroplasts, chromoplasts, leukoplasts) inonzi inonzi membrane organoids . Vane sangano rakaoma kwazvo, uye kwete chete nekuda kwekuvapo kwemashure maviri. Mukuumbwa kwavo, inclusions uye kunyange nhengo dzose dzakagadzirwa neDNA dzinogonawo kuvapo. Somuenzaniso, mumatrix emitochondrial, ribosomes uye DNA mitochondrial (mtDNA) inogona kuonekwa.

Zvisiri-membrane organoids zvinosanganisira ribosomes, cell cell (centriole), microtubules uye microfilaments.

Nemembrannye organoids: mabasa

Ribosomes inodiwa kuitira kuti inogadzira protein. Ivo ndivo vane basa rekushandura, kureva, kududzira kwemashoko ari pamMNA, uye kuumbwa kweketani yepepepeptide yemumwe munhu amino acids.

Serosi inobatanidzwa mukugadzirwa kwechidimbu chekuparadzaniswa. Inoumbwa zvose mukugadzirisa meiosis, uye mitosis.

Izvozvo zvisingaiti membrane organelles, se microtubules, inoumba cytoskeleton. Inogadzira masimba uye kutakura mabasa. Pamusoro peiyo microtubules, zvose zviri zviviri uye zvikamu zvose zvakagadzirwa zvinogona kufamba, somuenzaniso, mitochondria. Nzira yekufambisa inowanikwa nekubatsirwa kwepuroteni yakakosha, iyo inonzi motor motokari. Pakati pekusangana kwe microtubules ndiyo centriole.

Microfilaments inogona kutora chikamu mukushandura chimiro chesero, uyewo inofanirwa kutenderera kune zvimwe zvisikwa zvinonzi unicellular, zvakadai se amoeba. Mukuwedzera, zvivako zvakasiyana-siyana zvinogona kuumbwa kubva kwavari, mabasa ayo asina kudzidziswa zvizere.

Maitiro

Sezviri pachena kubva muzita racho, organoids yechinhu chisina chidimbu chemukati hachina mazamu. Zvinosanganisira mapuroteni. Zvimwe zvacho zvinewo nucleic acids.

Chimiro che ribosomes

Izvi hazvisi membrane organoids zviri pamadziro e-endoplasmic reticulum. I ribosome ine chimiro chakakomba, yakaita mamita 100-200 angstroms. Izvi hazvisi membrane organoids ine zvikamu zviviri (masununiti) - maduku uye makuru. Apo ribosome isingashandisi, inoparadzaniswa. Kuti ivo vabatane, panofanira kuva nekuvapo kwe magnesium kana calcium ions mu cytoplasm.

Dzimwe nguva, painogadzira mapuroteni makuru emaproteni, ribosomes inogona kubatanidzwa mumapoka anonzi polyribosomes kana kuti mapolisiomes. Nhamba ye ribosomes mavari inogona kubva kubva 4 kusvika ku70-80 zvichienderana nehukuru hweprotein molecule iyo inogadzira.

Ribosomes ine mapuroteni uye rRNA (ribosomal ribonucleic acid), pamwe chete nemamolekemu emvura uye ioni yesimbi (magnesium kana calcium).

Maitiro e-cell centre

MuEukaryotes, idzi dzisiri membrane organoids dzinosanganisira zvikamu zviviri, zvinonzi centrosomes, uye centrosphere, chiedza chinopenya chinopoteredza centrioles. Kusiyana nemamiriro ezvinhu ne ribosomes, zvikamu zvei organoid zvinowanzobatanidzwa. Kuzara kwemaviri centrosomes kunonzi "diplomatism".

Imwe yegrosomeome inosanganisira microtubules, iyo inokanganisa nenzira ye cylinder.

Maitiro e microfilaments uye microtubules

Chokutanga chinosanganisira actin nemamwe mapuroteni anoshanda, anosanganisira myosin, tropomyosin, nezvimwewo.

Microtubules inomiririra magadziri akareba, asina chinhu mukati, iyo inokura kubva ku centriole kusvika kumativi emusero. Iyo yakaita mamita 25 nm, uye urefu hunogona kubva kumarudzi akawanda emanometer kusvika pamamiriyoni akawanda, zvichienderana nehukuru nemabasa esero. Izvi zvisiri izvo zvinonzi membrane organoids zvinosanganisira zvikurukuru tubulin protein.

Microtubules hazvina kugadzikana kanaganoids, iyo inoramba ichichinjwa. Vane unyanzvi-uye kuguma. Yokutanga inowedzera inowedzera kumene malekemu eatululin, uye kubva kune yechipiri ivo vanogara vachiparadzaniswa.

Kuumbwa kwekusinga-membrane organoids

Iyo nucleolus inokonzera kuumbwa kwe ribosomes. Inobereka ribosomal RNA, iyo yakagadziriswa ne ribosomal DNA, iri pane zvikamu zvakasiyana zvemakromosomes. Mapuroteni anoumba idzi organoids anogadzirwa mu cytoplasm. Mushure mezvo, vanoendeswa kune nucleolus, apo vanobatana ne ribosomal RNA, vachiumba zviduku uye zviduku. Zvadaro zvinopedzwa zvinonzi organoids zvinotamirwa kune cytoplasm, uyezve kumasvingo e-granular endoplasmic reticulum.

Sero centre iripo iri muchitokisi sezvo yakatanga. Iyo inoumbwa nekuparadzanisa chikamu cheamai.

Mhedziso

Sezvakabuda, tinopa tafura pfupi.

Saka, ikozvino unoziva zvose pamusoro peiyo isiri membrane organoids iyo inowanikwa mumasero ose emichero nemhuka uye fungal.