Postal ngoro: tsananguro. Transportation simbi. Russian Post - kubudiswa uye chokuendesa tsamba

Mail - anokosha chokufunga pakukurukurirana, kubatanidza vanhu venyika dzose uye vanhu. Nhume mashoko anokosha mumazuva vanaFarao. Kubvira ipapo, nzira makurukuriro tsamba kunge akaramba hwakavandudzika. Kutumira Mail nemagudzu tsamba mumapasuru chaizvoizvo chinozoiswa kubva pakutanga kuvakwa yokutanga njanji mitsetse.

nhoroondo mashoko

Kutumira mashoko pamabhiza nhume kwaiitwa kubva munguva dzekare. Muzana XV remakore pamwe popularization pamusoro mabha- matsamba vhoriyamu yakawedzera zvinokosha, somugumisiro paiva vokutanga mabha- ngoro. Kwapera A remakore, mumwe yezvirwere ngoro sleds vakanga yakatsiviwa yepamusorosoro indoor varairidzi vakapakata nehana absorbers, magetsi uye zvimwe unhu muzvigadzirwa mberi.

The dzepedyo analogue pamusoro mabha- ngoro dziri "chitima" - yaidhonzwa ngoro kumhanya pamusoro njanji. Vakatanga kushandiswa pakutanga pamusoro XIX remakore uye vakanga zvakajairika chaizvo, kunyanya mune UK uye dzimwe nyika dzokuEurope.

Kubva bhiza kuti hwemvura traction

Muna 1825, Chirungu injiniya uye muvambi Dzhordzh Stefenson akavaka yokutanga experimental njanji pakati maguta Darlington uye Stockton-on-Tees uri cruised "hwemvura mungoro" wake zvakagadzirwa. A yechipiri njanji mutsetse pakati Manchester uye Liverpool akaisa kushanda muna 1830. mutsetse uyu akatanga kumhanya locomotive kuendesa mutakurwi uye mukwende motokari iyo, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, mashoko.

The British akaziva kuti nzira iyi chokufambisa kuchabatsira kuti rikurumidze hurukuro tsamba. Pakutanga, mabha- ngoro dzakanga dzakatakura mugomo chaiwo papuratifomu. Zvisinei, kuti vachizvitakudza / vachidzikisa mutoo zvaida nguva yakawanda. 06.01.1838, nezuva London-Birmingham mutsetse akadzinga wokutanga nokusingaperi zvakatsaurirwa tsamba motokari. Kubva September gore rino, tsamba mumapasuru vakatanga kugadzirisa nzira, zvinokwanisika kuti kuderedza nguva pakati kutumira shoko uye aro chionekeso.

ruzivo nyika

Sezvo njanji chokufambisa ndiyo chete zvishoma novimba vagaries okunze, vanotsanya zvakakwana uye inoomerera vaitofanira purogiramu, zvishoma nezvishoma akava nzira chikuru shoko pakusununguka. Pashure neEngland tsamba motokari akatanga kushandiswa munyika dzakawanda yemhando nyika:

• Belgium (1841);
• Germany (1848);
• France (1848);
• Russia (1861);
• USA (1864).

Russian umambo

1837 rakava gore yokuberekwa ruzhinji njanji chokufambisa muRussia. On 27-kiromita tatamuka of "St. Petersburg - Tsarskoye tiiviste - Pavlovsk" cruised locomotives zvakawedzera vanokwanisa kutakura 300 vanhu. Tichifunga British ruzivo, paishandiswa dhipatimendi akaita chibvumirano ne Tsarskoselskaya w / c chokufambisa tsamba. Mumapasuru vakaremerwa kupinda mukwende motokari, mumapasuru uye tsamba tave nekugamuchirwa rekutakura.

Wokutanga yakarongerwa ZIP Railways ngoro kuti vabvumirwe kuenda kugadzirisa matsamba, akatanga basa muna 1861. Vasati kuti, nzira makurukuriro vaiva "anofamba": asi chigaro chinotakurwa nhumbi mune Bales uye vashoma vakatendeutswa mutakurwi motokari, ngoro kutakura mitoro platforms, nhume, etc.

Muna 1869 zvakanzi akaumba kuchiteshi chokufambisa utariri kero. Panguva ino, mashoko uye mumapasuru yaitakurwa 35 w / c mitsetse, kusanganisira kwose. Pakazopera 1903 mu Russia vakavhura 600 mabha- nemagudzu.

USSR

Nyika vokuSoviet wakakurumidza kutanga kuvakwa itsva njanji mitsetse. Paiva mukuru-nokukurumidza michina chizvarwa chitsva: Diesel uye dzemagetsi locomotives. Panguva nodal mitsetse guru prizheleznodorozhnye pochtampy dzakatangwa. Postal ngoro akava nechigadziko, chakavimbika kupfuura motokari makurukuriro zvetsamba.

Kubvira muna 1962 akatanga kumhanya post-mukwende zvitima, kusanganisira kusvika 12 E-mail, uye kusvika 8 mukwende motokari. Chero Kuronga zvikamu nyore zvinogona undock uye kuisa mamwe sezvamunoita. Zvadaro, kune njanji yacho yakatamira 23 nezvitima izvi uye uwandu mabha- ngoro ava kusvika 900 dzakabatana. On tsamba kubatwa mukufamba kudzokororwa, kuva rinokosha chitambi - "PV".

Russia

Muzana XXI remakore ichiri kuitwa hurukuro "Mail weRussia" tsamba rails. Zvisinei, bhuku zvinyorwa akaramba yekudyidzana. Kana mugore rapera Soviet Union akaita 1319 tsamba nemagudzu, kuti zviumbu 1079 kusvika 2007 akaramba panhengo. Nhasi, kune kaviri sezvo zvishoma.

Zvisinei, mumwe kutaura pamusoro kwokuderera kuchiteshi tsamba. Munzvimbo dzakawanda, w / D chokufambisa - chakavimbika kupfuura (kazhinji chete) nzira yokukurukurirana. Muna 2005, ivo St. Petersburg chirimwa "Vagonmash" akavaka tsamba itsva 61-531 kunatsiridza motokari. In rinotipa wakasununguka zvakatipoteredza vashandi, TV, microwave, mhepo kutonhodza, runhare. Zvinobudirira moto kudzvinyirira hurongwa achaponesa katakura.

Modern zvoga Sorting hurongwa anogona kubata kuenda revashandi zvose zviviri, panzvimbo matanhatu. Somugumisiro yakawedzera kuchengetwa nzvimbo, vachizvitakudza vanokwanisa mumotokari yakawedzera matani 22. The chikuru kwadzinoita chokufambisa achava reusable mumidziyo, yakatakura mumidziyo.

Kubvira 2009, hurukuro "Mail weRussia" kuitwa, kusanganisira motokari itsva Torzhok chirimwa. Model 61-906 rakagadzirirwa tsamba mumidziyo. Magadzirirwo:

• Achirega kumhanya: 160 km / h.
• Kukwanisa: matani 22.
• Nhamba vashandi: 4.
• Uwandu nemikova vachizvitakudza 4.

The motokari iri vakapakata mhepo kutonhodza, kudziyisa, kufefetedza.

kushanduka

The yokutevedzera simbi varairidzi vokutanga vakanga vasina kukwana. Pfupi uye yakatetepa, vaigovera chiduku kuti vashandi uye pakunyora tsamba. Zvishoma nezvishoma nani patani. MuEngland, yakaitwa zano unokubvumira nokukurumidza, pamusoro nhunzi vapinze masaga mumapasuru uye tsamba. Over nguva vakanga vakapakata kwakavakirwa, apo vashandi vanogona kubata vanyevenutse mameseji, mupanda rokuzorora uye zvokudya. Vamwe mhando vakanga vakasununguka mupanda nokuda pamusoro utungamiri.

Sezvineiwo kwaiva chiitiko US tsamba motokari kukunaya pamusoro "Wild West." Nokuda kakawanda kurwiswa nevapambi, zvishoma nezvishoma vakava nesimba, kusvikira ikava nhare mavhiri. Vachifambidzana tsamba ngoro akanga akatakurwa kunze vashandi nezvombo. The Hull akanga warrior, iri mukomberedzo kuti pokunzvenga napo kuti vachiridzira pamusoro rakavhurika nomunzvimbo dzine magnesium mazhenje kuvhenekerwa nzvimbo anoverengeka makiromita.

Modern tsamba motokari - chisinganzwisisiki, riri kubatwa kuenda chero mhando. Inoita womuchato, kuchengetwa, kufambira uye yokufambisa rails kuti midziyo uye masaga mumapasuru, tsamba, mumapasuru, teregiramu mamwe marudzi mashoko.

marudzi mota

Various mazano simbi nemagudzu vakasikwa kuti hafu emakore:

• rekutakura;
• mabha- uye warehousing;
• mabha- Sorting;
• Mobile kuzvidzora motokari;
• voruzhinji;
• akamedura.

tarisiro

Munyika dzakabudirira, paishandiswa kuparadzirwa ne w / D chokufambisa ipfupi. Nokukurumidza iye concedes avhiyesheni uye kufamba - mugwagwa nemotokari. Zvisinei, nokuda kudunhu kutakura uye kukwanisa kubata achinyora pasi go, kwakadai pakukurukura kuchiri kuitika.

Mumwe okutanga munyika paishandiswa ngoro asisiri kushandiswa, vaiva United States. Kusvikira 40s njanji zvifambiswe vanenge 300 matani mumapasuru, tsamba, mumapasuru. Paiva zvinopfuura 9.000 pakutengeserana. Kare, zvakanga dzakatakura matsamba vakauya w / mae chekambani huru kwemari uye kufukidza Nokurasikirwa kubva chokufambisa vanhu. Pakazosvika 1950, zvichikonzerwa kuchinja US Postal Service kwakaita uwandu mitsetse mutemo wacho wakaderedzwa kusvika 794-x. Uye muna 1962, 262 chete akaramba nzira pakati mumaguta makuru.

Muna 1967, kuti Postal Service akaita zviya chokufambisa pamusoro consignments rails. Kudzika mutemo wenyika akanaka zvibvumirano kwakaita kuti matambudziko emari w / D makambani akavharwa, vazhinji mutakurwi pakutengeserana. nguva Last tsamba chitima muUnited States akadzinga kubva New York - Washington 30.06.1977 gore.

MuUK, ruzhinji simbi kutakurwa njanji. Munguva 90s paiva Royal Mail privatization makambani ehurumende, motokari mapatani zvachinja. Muna 2003, boka akasarudza kumbomira chokuendesa tsamba zvitima, asi gare gare chikamu nzira rakadzorerwa. Uyewo, pane vane private makambani kuti kudzora mumusika.

On huru Asian nzvimbo tsamba nezvitima ndivo nzira yakakurumbira kununura tsamba. Somuenzaniso, muna 2016 nenzira Beijing - Moscow kuwedzera mukwende motokari rokutsanya dzakawanda mutakurwi yenzira vatanga kugara chitima, iine chete kuti mabha- nemagudzu. China kuda kuwedzera kutakurwa tsamba mumapasuru kubva "New Silk Road" pamwe kuwedzerwa zvinoita kumaguta makuru muEurope.