Reruwa chipatara muzana remakore rechi19. Panovhurwa wokutanga dunhu muchipatara

Kusvikira pezana remakore rechi19 zviri mushonga yeRussia rakanga asiri yakatanga, uye vanhu chete vari rokumusoro kirasi inogona kuwana rubatsiro kanenge. Asi zvose akatanga kuchinja pashure 1864, apo paiva omunharaunda kuzvitonga.

History chokusika

Muna 1581 muMoscow akazviratidza yokutanga wezvinonhuhwira mukamuri raiva danho rokutanga iri kurongwa zvoutano hurongwa. Zvisinei, kukura zvakanaka kumboitika, uye chete pakutanga rechi18 Peter I ichiitwa dzakatevedzana mabasa kuburikidza iyo vakatanga kuvhura mishonga zvivako, Pharmacies, zvikoro uye mumayunivhesiti kudzidzisa vanachiremba ramangwana.

Gare gare, apo Alexander I, taitaura nezvokukosha kuumba misha chipatara dunhu, asi kutanga unofanira kuvhura chikoro zvokurapa. Zvisinei, nezviyero izvi havana akabatsira kuchinja mamiriro ezvinhu, uye 0.5 chete% vanhu anorapwa. At 6000 paiva nomumwe chiremba paminiti mubhedha akanga 1,500 nevagari. All saka angadai akaramba kana kwete dzekwavanogara. kuzvitonga akauya pachake mari yayo akatanga kuronga reruwa muchipatara, outpatient, maternity uye zvichingodaro. D.

Zemsky Masangano kubatsira vagari mumakirasi ose, kuvandudza zvinhu, uye chimwe nechimwe dunhu racho ezvinhu.

nyika chiremba

Apo vakanga reruwa muchipatara muzana remakore rechi19 (kunyanya vekumaruwa), vaida nyanzvi vaigona kupa rubatsiro munzvimbo dzakasiyana, kubvira vanhuwo inotonhorera nezvirwere zvakakomba.

Medicine muruwa, kutanga yakatanga tichiregeredza iri County uye guta vanachiremba, uye ipapo vaduku nyanzvi pakutanga kusiyiwa mumusha. Paiva mufananidzo wenyika chiremba, uyo aiva tsika uye zvetsika zvine unhu, kurasira uye chido chokubatsira vose avo vanoshaya, wakange zvinobatsirawo paumbwe remangwana zvokurapa.

Zemsky zvipatara Moscow dunhu

Muna 1869 akatanga kusika mushonga zemstvo mudunhu. Kana muna 1877 Congress vakapfuura vanachiremba, zvakanga akanzi pamusoro weboka enyika kupinda matanhatu zvokurapa maruwa, apo vaifanira kuva kuchipatara nomudonzvo, mibhedha, chiremba, Man playing, nyamukuta.

Vazhinji vanodavira kuti yoruwa chipatara of Moscow dunhu vaiva muenzaniso zvimwe zvipatara nedzimwe nzvimbo. Inotungamirwa Medicine yakakamurwa dzikava mbiri nguva. Muzana rokutanga, kubva 1865 kusvikira 1876, paiva nokukurumidza kuwedzera bhuku mari kuti zvipatara, kuwedzera vashandi. Yechipiri, kubva 1877 kusvika 1907, pakava wezvokurapa kwezvivako: dzokurapwa congresses dzakaitwa, kusika utano masangano uye vanachiremba vakaona zvokurapa chikoro.

Moscow dunhu kanzuru mumwe wokutanga, chakanga zvinopa akasununguka uye voruzhinji mabasa utano. Izvi zvakabatsira kuti tiwedzere kudzivirirwa uye kudzora matenda, uyewo yakawedzera kukura uptake pakati vanhuwo zvavo kuti rubatsiro. Asi kwokutanga matanho aifanira kutungamirira simba ose kutanga chinyakare muchimiro basa yezvokurapa. Kupfuura zvose rubatsiro wezvokurapa yakarongwa maindasitiri mumaruwa akadai Bogorodsky uye Moscow, uye kupfuura zvose zvakanga mumaruwa mumaruwa (Mozhaisk, Volokamsky).

Zemsky zvipatara Tver dunhu

Muna 1867 makanga wokutanga Tver Saint chipatara, razova kwete chete nzvimbo apo vanhu vanouya kubatwa, asi nzvimbo magariro upenyu.

In Tver vanachiremba Congress muna 1871 vakasarudza kuti, asati ava chiremba akanaka, unofanira kuongorora mamiriro ezvinhu umo varwere kurarama. Zvakakosha kuziva chii ane Utsanana ezvinhu, chii vari zvinhu zvoupenyu, nekuti zvichabatsira basa, zvichava Kunyatsoona chii vanhu vanorwara kakawanda.

A rinokosha kukura mushonga mudunhu rakabatsira chiremba, Mikhail Ilyich Petrunkevich, uyo akauya guta muna 1874. nounyanzvi Aigona chokubatanidza basa ravo uye kuwadzana nevamwe, kurera mushonga kuti chikuru padanho. Muchipatara kutenga michina mitsva panguva, akatenga mabhuku kubva kunze kwenyika, kuti pave raibhurari kuti vakabatsirwa kudzidza kubva pane zvakaitika vanamazvikokota yokumwe.

Hospitals muna Samara nharaunda

Panovhurwa wokutanga yoruwa muchipatara muna Samara mudunhu kwakaitika yechipiri yezana remakore rechi19, kumwe mukutanga 60s. Tisati kuti, mudunhu aiva muchipatara mumwe chete paiva 12 chete mibhedha por 20 000 vokuparidzira, uye vakanga kurapwa pano zvirwere zvose, kwete chete zvizvarwa vanhuwo, asiwo muchiuto, uye vasungwa.

Muna 1865, kumucheto ST chipatara yakavhurwa, vakatora vose, pasinei mukirasi kana kwavanobva. Panguva ino pane 7 vanachiremba, 26 vakashinga, vaiva 360 mibhedha. Nokuti kuti yakavhurwa chikoro wandei zvokurapa, mushonga akatanga kukura nokukurumidza, uye kare muna 1899 reruwa chipatara akazarurwa kumaruwa, kune zvidimbu anenge 70.

Pakazosvika 1875, chikuru Provincial Hospital yakavhurwa, iro muna 1890 vakanga 5 yakazara vagari uye 9 supernumeraries. Chinonyanya kukosha kuti zvakaitika pakupera kwezana remakore - akatanga kubata varombo pachena uye vakasununguka mishonga vakapiwa.

Kubudirira uye migumisiro zemstvo mushonga

Kuburikidza County Medical hanya yakanga inopiwa muna 34 mumatunhu, uye mushonga uyu akabatanidzwa mberi basa ramangwana kukura. Uyezve, kubatsirwa akanga akapa vagari guta kwete chete asiwo yokumaruwa, uye zvaionekwa danho mukuru zvoutano hurongwa.

Nemhaka County akazviratidza mushonga pfungwa dzakadai Accessibility, dziviriro, nehanya vakasununguka, uye kune masangano akadaro, izvo kare asina ndafunga - madhaka dzokugezera, kuchirapa-zvekudya, pokugara.

In mushonga, kwaiva "mberi" vanachiremba vanoziva zvakawanda, aigona kubatsira kwakasiyana-siyana, uyewo tsvakurudzo uye vakadzidza chirwere, saka akavhura bacteriological ne mumarabhoritari utsanana Bureau, obstetric uye zvokurapa chikoro.

Pasinei nokuti dunhu muchipatara Vanowanzotinyorera mari shoma, midziyo, zvinodhaka, zvikuru chidzoke zvokurapa, apo munhu wose, pasinei nemamiriro avo mamiriro, vaigona kuwana rubatsiro kanenge, izvozvo chakaratidza kutanga kukura zvokurapa.