The banga kuti kuputika rinoonekera. Obsidian banga

Kubvira kare, vanhu vakatsvaka zviite basa ravo kuburikidza dzakasiyana-siyana namano. Imwe yokutanga zvishandiso aiva banga. Chero bedzi vanhu havazive pamusoro simbi mashoko ayo gadzira Matombo uye obsidian. The banga kuti kuputika girazi zvikuru kushandiswa Kupira mudzimba kushandisa marudzi chinyakare. Akanga asiri chete webetsero chishandiso uye chombo inobudirira, asi akaratidzawo mamiriro varume, waimiririra ushingi hwake uye simba.

obsidian

Natural kuputika girazi, izvo inoumbwa nokukurumidza chaizvo kutonhora dhaka, rinonzi obsidian. Pane ngano kuti rinotiudza nezvomushori ibwe kujairika kuti pakutanga akauya Europe kuonga Roman Obsidia, saka zita.

Maererano neimwe shanduro, zita ibwe rinobva echiGiriki okuti "obsis", kuti ndiye chiseko. Zvinozivikanwa kuti mutema obsidian akagadzira girazi.

mumuviri ehupfumi

Pakurondedzera ehupfumi muviri kuputika regirazi kucherechedza zvinotevera unhu:

• erudzi ane hombe chimiro, glasswool zvizere zvisingawanzoitiki microphenocrysts;
• ruvara uye muenzaniso kunobva ibwe microinclusions magnetite feldspars rakachenuruka, oxides simbi, etc.
• pachena kunobva inclusions, dhigirii kwayo dzinosiyana opaque kune segirazi (kana translucent);
• shanduka sezvamunoita (range rhyolite kuti basalt girazi): nesilicon yakasviba - 75%, mvura - asingasviki 1%;
• silky Gloss, magirazi;
• ostrogranny kink, guru conchoidal;
• hapana cleavage;
• nopwanyika;
• amorphous.

marudzi obsidian

Musi Zvinoumba obsidian rakakamurwa mhando huru shanu:

• rhyolite - maumbirwo kwayo afanane girenayiti;
• gabbro - rine inclusions ane tsanga pyroxene;
• porphyry - piriviri siyana andesite;
• diorite - hunobva crystals ose feldspar, afanane girenayiti;
• fuck - vitreous chinopfupfuduka-siyana.

Murwiyo rokutsanya dhaka uye kuputika magirazi inotungamirwa mamiriro chokuita Ruvara zvinhu:

• Snow. Chimwe chezvinhu akanaka kwemarudzi. At mukuru dema kana kwasviba mashava kumashure vanoonekwa mavara zvishoma Blurred chena chakatodzana twemazaya echando.
• Rainbow. It kunogona kunyatsooneka distinguishable akaturikidzana yebhuruu, tsvuku, girini kwerima guru. Kutsivana mavara ari kunyanya akanaka panguva vakatongoparadzwa. It anonziwo pikoko kuti muswe kana pakati pousiku resi.
• Black. Trade zita iri US - mugomo kana dema ndege Nevada nedhaimani. It ane wakachena dema ruvara zvakadzama.
• Apache misodzi. Unoratidza dema obsidian - woita vakasarudzwa.
• Black uye tsvuku. Dzinoratidzwa rakatumbuka tsvuku uye dema mavara. The rokuremekedza wechipiri chakasungwa kwemarudzi - gomo mahogany.
• Iridescent. Obsidian, yakatsvikinyidzana duku gasi uye mvura splashes, zvichipa yendarama kana yesirivha kushanda. Dzimwe nguva pane mavara chisarudzo: zvitema-yebhuruu, tsvuku, mutema, kana muraraungu.

Mumwe akasiyana neparera mumvuri kupfuura rakaisvonaka rakaonekwa muna Armenia. The zvisingawanzoitiki howa vanosanganisira Montana mutema nejedhi, obsidian, Tria Rose yakajeka greenish uye rima mushava Stromboli.

dhipoziti

The chicherwa unowanika zvinenge pose. deposits kwakadaro vari USA Mexico, Russia, Hungary, Slovakia, Italy, Iceland, Scotland, Ethiopia, Nicaragua, Georgia, Armenia, uye Ukraine.

banga yekare

Banga kubva nyanga uye kuputika magirazi aiva kanosvota chinhu, uye yaishandiswa kupira mupiro kwevanhu pakati vaAztec. Yaiva sandara, unocheka mativi, aiva shizha serin'i. Manual kubudiswa akarisiya gogonera, asi hazvideredzi zvivako zvayo nyore uye zvakanaka kucheka nyama.

Kureba maoko vaigona kusvika 30 masendimita uye upamhi -. 6 masendimita mubato, kazhinji yakavakwa namabwe. Dzimwe nguva akashandisa rakasimba huni, runyanga kana mhuka mapfupa. Music chipande ane zvikuru brewed guruu pachikero uye mapfupa kana kuburikidza nemarunda mhuka, anosima mabukira. Pane nemarunda reflow rwokugadzira.

Stone zvinogadzirwa

Masayendisiti, vanochera matongo vanodavira kuti kushandiswa obsidian vakatanga makore anenge zviuru masere adarika, uye akanga anokonzerwa zvinhu ehupfumi:

• yakasimba;
• zvakanaka izvozvo rwakakamukana akaturikidzana;
• siyana wakanamatira pana chakasimba zvidimbu.

Rinoshandiswa chaizvo anogadzira zvinhu zvakasiyana siyana rokutema rinobaya maturusi: namatemo, mapanga, scrapers, arrowheads, namapfumo uye zvichingodaro. Metal chakatsiva obsidian, asi kwete netsika dzose. MaIndia South America aiziva mhangura dzemabhizimisi, ivo kwemazana emakore vakashandisa banga kuti kuputika rinoonekera. Pasina izvozvo, hatina kuita tsika chibayiro uye kuomesa zvitunha. Maererano kwokuomerwa zvombo zvakadaro nokure simbi analogues.

nembato dzemwenje zvakonzerawo kupararira wezvokutengeserana ukama pakati penyika mbiri. Vashambadzi zvifambiswe youmbozha, zvikuru yakashongedzwa zvinhu pasi rose. Zvakanga nomukurumbira kuva basa ounyanzvi, rinotaura pamusoro chinzvimbo uye pfuma mhuri.

Kuwedzera zvishandiso kugadzirwa obsidian zvishongo nezvionioni, zvemumba.

mapanga

Kusvikira zvino obsidian banga anowana connoisseur kwayo. Yazvino unopisira zvachose pakuti unhu zvokuvakisa kuita imba midziyo, kusanganisira achicheka maturusi. Asi zvakasikwa girazi risingaenzaniswi runako.

The banga kuti kuputika negirazi anogadzirwa zvaidiwa unyanzvi yekare. Shandisa zvakakodzera zvinhu nematurusi. mapanga zvose izvi ano vanokamurwa muzvikwata zvitatu:

1. Chokutanga matkamuistoja. Kunyange zvazvo zvinhu zvakadai zvinoita kushandisa. Vanofara kutenga vehove uye vavhimi. At Sub-razero tembiricha nyoro giya anotanga -oma kuti simbi chipasa. The banga kuti kuputika girazi asina drawback ichi, uyezve, zvinonzi zvakanaka unotemwa, kwete blunts nokuparurwa pasi chete zvinoitirwawo kusagarisana. Chimwe ndinoiitawo ndechokuti yakati chisingakoshi mapanga. Matkamuistoja mari neeSultan kubva 20 kusvika 100 US madhora
2. Boka rechipiri rinosanganisira mapanga akaita se zvishongo. Ancient Michina haisi nguva dzose akakodzera, saka chinowanzoonekwa kuvandudza. Kukura kupfuura madzinde kuvimba zvido mutengi. Decorated mubato saka Artsy kuti kushandisa mishonga yakadaro hazvitomboiti. Nokuti kugadzirwa vakasarudzwa matombo pamwe makwapa akasvibirika siyana - nayo anovandudza chimiro zvombo, asi akazoita unhu chipande. How zvikuru ndiyo banga kuti kuputika regirazi, anosarudza tenzi. Zvose zvinoenderana kunzwisisa kugadzirwa uye kukosha akajeka mashoko.
3. Boka rechitatu kunosanganisira zvigadzirwa akasikwa yazvino. Glass makorari kuwana mudziyo maitiro chipping, chipande nhete, nokuda izvo unhu mashizha uchitambudzika. Bata munhu mharidzo yakadaro yamunenge uye anobatsira kupfuura kwezvishongo dzomuzana, asi nekuda fragility pakati chipande riri kupfuura chirangaridzo pane chombo.

ano mashandisirwo

ruzivo Modern zvokurapa rinobvumira vanovhiya kuti aite rimwe kuputsika chaizvo Kuvhiya (purasitiki kuvhiyiwa, ophthalmology). Nanotechnologies zvinoda kushandiswa mutete chaizvo mashizha. To musi, nokuti zvinangwa izvi zvinonzi nevakawanda akashandisa banga kuti kuputika rinoonekera. Mutengo pakutanga scalpel anoda kubva $ 60-100. It kunobva subtleties pakati chipande. Muromo chipande, kana pane, ayo nokuveza unopinza anogona kuva mutete sezvo 0.02 micron. Mutete vendu akasungirirwa nokukurumidza.

Chokwadi, michina yemazuva kubvumira kubereka zvakawanda dzisinganyatsooneki okurwadzisa Ezvemutauro. Diamond scalpels vane Ukobvu 0,003 micron, vanonyatsokurukura Zvinokosha zvakaisvonaka uye vakasimba kupfuura obsidian. Asi matunhu mitengo imwe kana kupfuura zviuru zvemadhora regai kupa yavo kwazvo kuparadzira.

Kubudisa scalpel mubato kutora yakadaro hardwood miti kazhinji mumeporo. With epoxy chipande zvakabatanidzwa nayo. Izvi kugadzira chidobi anobvumira kufumura chinoshandiswa kuti vakuchidzire kurapwa nenzira autoclave asina kukuvara.

A scalpel angakudzivisai kusvika 20 kushandiswa. The drawback ndiyo fragility pakati chipande - pamwe lateral kumanikidzwa Unokanganisa. Chimwe chinhu: hapana akafanana zviridzwa maviri. Manual Kugadzirwa haabvumiri kuita anawo ukuru uye chimiro chipande.

It chinodawo chokushandisa yakadaro, uye kubika. Nhasi, ari nevabiki mumaoko kwete simbi mapanga chete. Kwakapararira zviumbwa. Mapanga (Chinese, German, Japanese) rikaratidzwa pachavo kuva yakavimbika nyanzvi chokushandisa. Maererano yayo chaiko unhu akafanana obsidian mashizha.

kugadzira michina

Banga gadzira kubva kuputika girazi rinoitwa mumatanho matatu:

1. Processing preform muridzi wengoma. The workpiece pacharo rinofanira kuva kaviri kuti wokupedzisira chokushandisa. Strong uye zvinonyatsochengeta akundwa pa 90 ^Makakamura mashoko kuitira kuti vaumbe sandarara penyika. Kumucheto iri unopinza, zvinogona kutema.
2. Kuti chipande vamwe chimiro spall vanoda zvishoma vaitire. Nokuti ichi pfupa zvakaoma chaizvo kana huni anofanira kuva "podstrugat" reza. basa iri kunoda kushivirira, nguva uye kururama.
3. Kurovera mashizha kugadzira nzira. Mu "panhera" kupararira cortex (kana zvimwe cushioning zvinhu), zviri akaisa pamusoro banga wakarodzwa uye rutanda kana pfupa Chips flakes zvakarurama yakanaka (wayo pasi divi). Saka kupa sandara chimiro uye kupa ayo reza hasha.

Chibato zvakagadzirwa nyanga kana huni. Chipande akatasva ari guruu, unogona kuchigadzira tichibatsirwa nemarunda kana matete anosungira. chishandiso yakadaro inogona kushandiswa kucheka tambo, kana kubvisa ganda mutambo.

Tenzi vake mapanga

Jeff Hall (Dzheff holl) - mumwe yakakurumbira vatenzi, uyo ave mashoko kugadzirwa ane banga akashandisa kuputika rinoonekera. Anorarama uye anoshanda muUnited States (Washington). Heano mazano kutsanangura muuki:

• Chipande ane zvinyoronyoro translucent pfumbu. Chibato chakagadzirwa nyanga American mharapara dhiragoni serin'i nzwara. Length - masendimita 20.
• Chipande yasarudzwa obsidian pamwe smoky, dema uye tsvuku mutsinga. Pane imwe yorusvingo chipande anowana yendarama Sheen. Mubato chinoitwa zvakafanana kune wekutanga mharidzo. Length - 17.8 cm.
• Chipande yakagadzirwa dema kuputika negirazi (mined mu Northern California). Zvikuru kupatsanurwa uye yakabwinyiswa mubato zvakagadzirwa mukonde Jeolla. Length - 16,5sm.

Absolutely zvigadzirwa zvose Hall inopiwa zvitupa nderechokwadi.

Pane imwe banga panzvimbo yakakurumbira Obsidian rinonzi "Mwoyo Pele. ' Izvi ndozvakanga tsika tsika zvombo ravaIndia maIndia South America.

Bilateral mativi chipande unopinza magumo wanamatira ane kwezvokufuka curved mubato zvakaitwa namatanda. Chipande rakagadzirwa segirazi obsidian yakatsvukuruka dema Linear kumbeu DZAKASIYANA. Length - 22.5 cm upamhi - 3 cm; uremu - 80 magiramu. A muenzaniso bhuku kushanda yakanaka inogona kushandiswa senzira kupira chinhu, uye somunhu yakarongedzwa Kufananidzira.

Chinese mapanga kuputika negirazi mune yakawanda inoitwa matkamuistoja. Havasi sezvo akanatswa setsika-akaita makopi vatenzi, asi, zvakadaro, unogona kuva chipo chikuru kumunhu.

zvakwakanakira

Chipande Obsidian ane nani nokuveza ehupfumi pane simbi. It hakurevi chinhu kunyatsotarisirwa. Hazvina kutsemuka, kwete kubatwa kudzikisirana mubasa. Hazvina kukanganisa kana chisanyanya dzinongoitika ruvara uye painoperera.

zvinangwa kumwezve kushanda, banga yakadaro inogona chipo chakanakisisa, kushongedzwa maatomu akafanana, yaishandiswa ndeyokungoitawo chinhu.

kutadza

zvigadzirwa zvose kuputika girazi riri kusimba chaizvo. Chero matambudziko kana divi nevamwe kunogona kukonzera kukuvara chipande. Chipande hazvigoni pasi hypothermia kana kupisa. Asi nokungwarira Mabatiro banga anogona kushumira kwemakore akawanda pasina kurasikirwa anogona kutema zvakakwana.