Tree simba muRussia: anorimwa

Pfungwa iri iyo repuranga simba redunhu matavi, yave akagadzira kokutanga naJ Locke -. Chirungu mudzidzisi uyo akararama muzana remakore rechi17. Akanga chinoshingaira anokumhan'arira kuti vanodzvinyirirwa uye waitsigira dzidziso evanhu chibvumirano uye vabvume. Mune rimwe zvaakanyora, Locke aida kuudzawo simba ari zvitatu. Zvadaro, nheyo iyi kwakapararira. Funga zvakare kuti zano muti simba.

General unhu

Author nenhungamiro kupatsanurwa kwemasimba, Locke zvinganaka kusiyanisa kupinda namatavi matatu:

1. Executive. musoro wake unofanira kuva mambo.
2. Legislative. Hazvina Parliament.
3. Federal. Sezvo chikamu mirayiridzo iri kuitwa dzimwe negwaro.

By Executive Bazi vakatakura Locke matare. tsika womuenzaniso kwave dzataurwa nokuda mudzidzisi French Sh. L. Monteske. Its huni simba zano aisanganisira:

1. People.
2. Executive masangano. Akanga pamberi nokuda mambo uye zvechokwadi shoma.
3. Edzimhosva. Basa rayo rinosanganisira kugadzwa chirango mhosva uye kukakavadzana pakati vanhu.
4. Legislative simba. Zvinofanira kuva ungano vamiririri uye kutaura zvinodiwa vemo.

Tree matavi nesimba Montesquieu kushumira somushumiri chokuratidza kuti zvive nomwero zvisina mwero purangazve. Kunyange zvakadaro, muna ayo chinyorwa cheBumbiro reMitemo haatauri kutaura zvakanyatsoenzana kuitika. Zvakanga vaifungidzira kuti mukuru nzvimbo Institute achava nenzvimbo Paramende. Dzidziso kuparadzana rutsigiro uye Rousseau. Zvisinei, simba rake muti yakavakirwa panheyo Kuisa uchangamire vanhu. Rousseau akaisa zvikuru zvakananga hweruzhinji.

United States

America pakutanga nheyo somunhu zvokuvhoterwa. Panyaya iyi, kuti mubatanidzwa akaziviswawo mukutanga nezvishoma. Zvadaro, iye yakashandurwa kuva Republican batana mamiriro. The havaoni kuUnited States kuwedzera zvikuru dzidziso kupatsanurwa kwemasimba. Ivo wakarurama kudiwa rusununguko uye kuparadzana chikuru nzira. Zvichakadai, chikuru chaiva zvemitemo tsika. Kuitira kudzivisa kusaenzana, kwakasarudzwa pamusoro weboka paramende Mumba - okumusoro. Zvinofanira nesananguro rokutanga panguva iyoyowo yakasiyana mitemo inopiwa nokuda yechipiri. Yepamusoro yaiva vaifungidzira kuva pakudzora chingaita pasi. Matare ane basa rinokosha.

World tsika

Munyika Dare muti simba kuratidza kudyidzana pakati reparamende, hurumende uye mutungamiri. masimba siyana kumhuka zvakasiyana siyana hurumende. Nokudaro, akaumba mumwe kana mumwe zano muti simba.

Grade 3: Nyika

The kuziva yokutanga nheyo kupatsanurwa Hurumende kuitika vana kuchikoro chepuraimari. Zvidzidzo zvenyika yakavapoteredza zvipiriso kumbonyanya nyore Zano muti simba. Grade 3 hakudi zvakadzama kudzidza dzakasiyana siyana hurumende. Vana anopiwa talk ruzivo kuti vakaumba pfungwa pamusoro administrative midziyo yacho mamiriro. Saka ivo kudhirowa nyore muti simba. 3 kirasi inopa chirongwa kuti zvinosanganisira familiarization pamwe pfungwa iyi, sezvo Constitution. Mushure zvose, uyewo enshrines musimboti kupatsanurwa nhau paruzhinji masangano mirayiridzo.

umambo

A muti matavi simba Russia panguva shoma umambo (pakati nokumukirana maviri historiallinen) yakati Paramende anekodzero rinotema, uye mambo anoumba hurumende uye anokwanisa kuisa mitemo kurambidza. Zvakafanana hurongwa yave iri UK mushure Mbiri Revolution. In namambo yeparamende, musoro nyika anoonekwa kuti chezita. Haashandisi masimba avo tisingatungamirirwi. Key anekodzero kuumba hurumende kubva mukuwana sarudzo uye vamiririri vemapato vanoumba ruzhinji. Iye vangaendeswa, uye mamwe masimba. Asi chaizvoizvo Anomhanyira nyika musoro hurumende. muti kwakadaro simba kunogona chete kuvapo pamberi mudanga maviri-party hurongwa.

Mhedziso umambo

simba rose, sezvo zita rinoreva, iri kusimbiswa mumaoko amambo. Muchiitiko chino, Chokwadi, anenge chero weboka mubvunzo. Zvichakadaro anozivikanwa muvandudzi Speranski aronga chirongwa musi iyo yakaiswa rimwe yepamutemo umambo uye mumiririri miviri kwakamboitwa hunyambiri ino. Uyezve, vaitarisira Implementation pakati nheyo kupatsanurwa kwemasimba:

1. Legislative akatamisa kudenga Duma.
2. Executive - mambo.
3. Edzimhosva - matare, inotungamirirwa weSeneti uye vatongi.

Uyezve, mamwe masimba aigona kuwana Council of State. Panguva Decembrists vaiva pfungwa dzavo panyaya iyi. Saka, Pestel zvinganaka vagadze hurumende Republican utongi. Munyika ino, chinangwa kuzozivisa kupatsanurwa kwemasimba pakati nevarikutonga (kusanganisira kururamisira mairi), zvemitemo uye nokuchengeta. Mukuwedzera zvakanzi aronga kuwedzera tsika People. Maererano chirongwa Muraviev, inosanganisira pakagadzwa munhu yepamutemo umambo, munhu batana chimwe. In chirongwa ake, simba rakakamurwa zvemitemo, matare uye Executive, akatanga paramende bicameral. Alexander II akaita zvinhu. Somugumisiro, akaumba yeko uye rakabatana nyika matare. Muna 1905-1906 gg., Pashure pokugadzwa State Duma, nheyo kupatsanurwa kwemasimba midzi muna Manifesto Gumiguru rechi17. Maererano gwaro simba repamutemo nevakange Key pamwe Duma uye State Council. Emperor zvakare rusununguko masimba. Matare tiite mabasa avo pachinzvimbo namambo. The Council of Vashumiri akaita dzikava yakazvimirira hurumende pasi pamambo.

Presidential zvokuvhoterwa

Yakadaro chehurumende simba muti anotarisa zvakajeka zvikuru. The US Bumbiro 1787 akasimbisa pfungwa vaitofanira kupesana. Maererano yakasimbiswa pachishandiswa sarudzo dzemutungamiriri wenyika rinoitwa nevanhu extraparliamentary. Anotungamirira yose Executive bazi uye hurumende. The President anekodzero munhu suspensive kurambidza uye haagoni Paramende. chimiro ichi inoshanda pasinei webato hurongwa. Zvisinei, izvozvo asingagoveri zvigadziriswe kugadzirisa yepamutemo dambudziko.

Tree simba muRussia: zano panguva Soviet nguva

Munguva Soviet, kuparadzana musimboti hakusi kuitwa. simba rose kusvika vokuSoviet akanga (pamutemo vanhu). Executive nezvimwe mitumbi inoumbwa navo uye vaiva navo pasi pesimba. Muti simba Russia munguva eSoviet presupposed kuvapo chete bato. Election vakaperekedza kukashora. The bato akatuma vamiririri vayo Board, uye kuburikidza navo - mune dzimwe nhengo.

super-vemutungamiri zvokuvhoterwa

In chimiro ichi hurumende akatendeuka chimwe-muti simba mu Russia. The zano iri iyi hakudi kuti kupa simba wevatongi kwemitemo miviri. President munyika ino yokuita pachake zvokushandisa zvavo mabasa ose. Iye anoumba hurumende anochinja mutemo, urwa muparamende. The President anogona kudana referendamu. Ari kusarudzwa nevanhu, asi unogona kuva nechokwadi kwayo kukunda kubudikidza administrative mokuwana. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, kuchengeta referendamu musi pakukoka masimba wenyika. A chehurumende inozivikanwa anomanikidza hwoudzvinyiriri. Kwenguva pfupi, rinogona kuiswa panguva kubviswa yepamutemo dambudziko. Zvikurukuru, ichi chaiva muti simba muRussia kubva September 21 December 25, 1993

Reform 1988-1993 gg.

paiva dzakawanda kuchinja yepamutemo muRussia. Panguva Basic Mutemo wakaita zvimwe zvachinja muna 1988, ari kuchinja. Zvikurukuru miviri-Danho hurongwa Board aumba. Saka, nesananguro vanhu vevatariri kuitwa vagari, uye paumbwe Supreme Council chakaitwa Congress. Uyezve yakabvumira kugadziriswa kwemutemo wekuita zvapiwa mukana sarudza yakazvimirira musarudzo. Muna 1990, Soviet Union rokutanga raizoitirwa zvemakwikwi musarudzo. Kwapera gore, kuchinja vakaitwa mubumbiro iri RSFSR, maererano iyo akaumba Kwakavandudzwa Committee uye Federation Council. Muna 1991, panguva All-Russian referendamu zvakapfuudzwa hwagadzwa pambiru purezidhendi. The Constitution, haana sechinhu musoro nyika uye somutariri mukuru mukuru Executive miviri.

Zvakare, nyaya kupatsanurwa kwemasimba akarerwa 1992. Izvi zvakakonzerwa zvakadzama yepamutemo dambudziko munyika. Somugumisiro ari kuchinja yakaitwa muna September 1993, panguva iyo kushora akaedza vachipidigura ari purezidhendi Yeltsin. Zvisinei, mukuru wehurumende atora dzinoverengeka nezviyero, pakati raiva pokufa ezvinhu Councils munyika, kuchinjwa nevarikutonga uye namasimba okutarisira omunharaunda uye emunharaunda dzekushumira. December 12, 1993 rudzi referendamu mvumo bumbiro idzva kuti enshrine musimboti kupatsanurwa kwemasimba, kuita nhasi.

mhedziso

Pfungwa kupatsanurwa kwemasimba akanga pasi kuchinja siyana. The emitemo-siyana munyika nzvimbo yakakura kubva kutanga yakaoma zvirongwa nguva yakaonekwa. The Vanyori akataura musimboti ushe zvemitemo masangano. Asi panguva 19-20th emakore. vakakunda kwete mumiririri uye varikutonga bazi. Izvi imhaka kuwedzera kunzwisisa yose kudzora wemuTesitamende akapoteredza kwemaindasitiri uye ipapo ruzivo muvanhu. Munyika umo zvakawanda ave zvemitemo bazi, zvakanzi akapa pasi huru simba masangano enyika. Kana akawanda izvi zvakatungamirira kusagadzikana kwezvinhu paruzhinji Kutarisirwa mashandiro, uye kakawanda kuchinja hurumende, uye mune imwe-party - kusvikira zvinorayirwa mutongo mubatanidzwa. In ezvinhu ano kuparadzana akanga akatakurwa matavi kwete pakati matatu akazvimirira, uye akabata akasiyana mirayiridzo chimwe chete hurongwa simba. Kuvimbika mamiriro hahugoni kuvapo wandei kudzora mano. Uyewo bazi kwete ishande zvachose aparadzane nomumwe.