Protists - ichi ... Characterization uye STRUCTURAL zvinhu

Pakutanga, zvinoita sokuti systematics ano vakanga kutoziva ose makuru taxa uye asingauyi nharo. Asi hazvina kudaro. Makambonzwa akadai enderana kubatana sezvo protists? Kana kwete, ipapo nyaya yedu kwamuri.

History yakawanikwa

Protists - vanzwisise kuti yakatanga chakaunzwa sayenzi zvakasikwa yokuGermany Ernst Haeckel. Izvi zvakaitika muna 1886. Panguva iyoyo, akanga atova aizivikanwa maviri ushe zvakasikwa: nemhuka. All zvimwe zvipenyu nyanzvi uye vakauya kuna protists. Asi sayenzi hazvirevi mira. Systematics ega itsva zvikuru features, asika taxa. Uye muna 1969, ari American ecologist Roberg Whittaker akatsanangura protists vane ano maonero. Zviya, musayendisiti ichi anonzi munyori wegadziriro "umambo shanu." kupatsanura kwakadaro zvose zvipenyu zvose richiri kushanda nhasi.

Zvinoitwa protists

By protists muri zvinenge zvose, izvo muviri Haibudisi micheka izvi. Uye hazvina basa kuti zvikuru ivo vakaumba masero. The mamiriro kunoratidzwa protists neerekitironi. Pakati miti ndezvaJehovha ichi boka algae. Heterotrophic protists dzinoturwa majemusi uye gribopodobnymi zvinenge.

The nemamiriro algae

Description protists kutanga okutanga zvirimwa akazviratidza panyika - algae. Pakati pavo vane vamiririri metazoans. It chlamydomonas uye chlorella. Pasinei nokuti muviri wavo wose chinomiririrwa sero rimwe chete, vachiita zvose dzinotsanagura upenyu. Izvi kufema kuburikidza goko propelled nokuda flagellum, autotrophic zvokudya, kubereka kuburikidza kupatsanura kupinda maviri kana sporulation. Zvipuka zvine masero akawanda algae vanonyanya siyana. In masero omuviri wavo chokuita anatomically, asi regai kuumba munyama. Zvivako yakadaro inonzi thallus kana thallus.

heterotrophic protists

boka iri zvinosanganisira marudzi kuti anogona kudya Organic zvinhu chete wakagadzirira. Heterotrophic protists - dzine celled, kana majemusi. Pasinei zita, chimiro chavo zvakare zvakaoma. Chimwe chezvinhu wakajairika nyore vamiririri Paramecium caudatum. Semhuka zvose zvavo pamusoro chikwata anomirirwa plasma Kamudzira uye pellicle anomiririra yakazara mubhedha cytoplasm. Permanent organelles pamusoro protists aya zvomudumbu uye contractile vacuole. Chokutanga rinoitwa enzymatically kugadzirisa Organic zvinhu, uye wechipiri - murau of osmotic kumanikidzwa uye mvura uye munyu exchange.

In ciliates kunoitika kunyange zvepabonde chichiitwa, zvinotora muchimiro conjugation. Muchiitiko ichi mhuka mbiri wekuita kuumbwa cytoplasmic Bridge, iro musimboti masero mashoko vaipanana pakati pavo. Very dzakasiyana organelles kufamba heterotrophic protists. In ciliates ndidzo dzakawanda cilia mu Euglena - imwe chete flagellum. Asi Amoeba Proteus anoumba asiri zvachose miganhu yose cytoplasm, vanonzi pseudopodia, kana pseudopodia.

Gribopodobnye protists

Ichi boka protists ari kure afanane howa chaidzo. Somuenzaniso, pajira riya muviri anomiririrwa labyrinthulomycetes mbeya plasmodia. A Sero rusvingo ine yakaoma Oomycetes cellulose. Uyezve, muna nedanho asexual kubereka, vanoumba Mobile zoospores. Zviratidzo izvi anowanzoramba nokuda polryadka gifohitridievyh, zvakawanda zvacho intracellular tupukanana kuti algae uye invertebrates.

The nedzimwe nzvimbo

Protists - ndivo zvipenyu vane kujairika zvinhu. Izvi zvinosanganisira pseudopodia gribopodobnyh labyrinthulomycetes. Ivo Kubatanidza pamwechete yakafanana hurongwa masero pedyo, kutanga rose network. vamiririri murayiro Anopiwa vaakasarudza protuberance hrizofitovye inonzi gaptonemoy. Inoitwa microtubules takapoteredzwa mugero pamusoro endoplasmic reticulum. In dinoflagellates vakacherechedza yavo yakasiyana nemamiriro musimboti, okutodza dziri nguva dzose vachingotya spiralizirovannom.

Chii polyphyly

Kakawanda protists inonzi polyphyletic boka, kana taxon. Izvi zvinoreva kuti rinoumbwa zvipenyu izvo nekusimba ukama vamiririri nemamwe taxonomic dzakabatana haana kuiswawo pakati ichi. Saka, chete kureva mhuka umambo, uye algae - kuti chirimwa umambo. Polyphyletic taxa havasi taxonomy ano, nokuti vamiririri vavo havana tateguru. Mienzaniso Mapoka akadaro imhuka ine utsinye kana autotrophic utachiona.

Saka, protists - nayo eukaryotic Utachiona, izvo hatuzoumbiki munyama izvi. Pakati pavo vane kuroorwa uye zvipuka zvine masero akawanda mhando, auto- uye heterotrophs. For vamiririri ano protists vari algae, majemusi uye gribopodobnye zvinenge.