History of Glass munhoroondo yevanhu. Kugadzirwa uye kugadzirwa regirazi

Zvinozivikanwa kuti girazi tinoshandisa muupenyu hwezuva nezuva - rakagadzirwa nevanhu zvinhu. Asi ane dzinongoitika analogue - obsidian. Zviri yakagwamba nechando kuputika mabota dombo zvokunyama kana uchanyauka. It obsidian rakashandiswa chinyakare vanhu kuti siyana nokuveza maturusi, uyewo zvishongo.

Man-akaita regirazi, nhoroondo kwakabva iyo dzichakurukurwa pazasi, pakutanga zvishoma vakasiyana zvepanyama. Hazvaikwanisa kuzvirumbidza chero runako kana zvakajeka.

Nhoroondo nokugadzirwa regirazi: Legends uye conjectures

Antique nyanzvi Pliniy Starshy mune zvaakanyora kunopa mashoko kuti chakagadzirwa uswa akazviratidza nemhaka vafambi, vakanga vachigadzirira zvokudya pamusoro jecha pamahombekombe, uye kuti abate bhaira uchishandisa chimedu dzinongoitika pasoda. Zuva rakatevera, peel they and and magirazi akawanikwa ari dzokunze madziro bhaira. Pliny pfungwa yakanga akapikisa chete muzana remakore rechi20. Masayendisiti vakaratidza kuti itye girazi pamusoro ane moto rakavhurika hazvibviri. Zvisinei, zviuru anoverengeka apfuura, vanhu yeEgipita yekare neMesopotamiya vakadzidza itye girazi mu muhunza. The tembiricha iri izvi chinyakare muvira yakanga yakakwirira zvokuti jecha, madota uye alkalis vakaumba zvinhu zvitsva. Zvisinei, chokutanga girazi nevanhu, Ungangove chaizvoizvo akasikwa netsaona iri kugadzirwa kwacho zvehari.

yekare Michina

History of Glass iri munhoroondo yevanhu ane anopfuura zviuru 4 years. Images uye zvinoratidza zvinowanikwa mumakuva vanaFarao, kupa pfungwa mukuru nzira kugadzirwa kunaka zvaunofarira nevaIjipiti. Saka, magirazi pakutanga kushandiswa senzira kuri pachimedu nokuda zviumbwa. Uyewo nokuti akaita marozari, hombodo uye pendants. VaEgipita, kusafanana vagari Mesopotamia akasarudza opaque rinoonekera. Its simbi oxides akasvibiswa yebhuruu, pepuru, yellow uye nemamwewo. Chete machinda Vanhu ropa roumambo nezvaaigona magirazi zvigadzirwa. Small zvinhu kugadzirwa nenzira zvinotevera nzira: resimbi tsvimbo wakaiswa pamusoro imwe muhari chinoumba, iyo vanga pamusoro inopisa girazi.

Large akaita sezvinotevera: aimbova akaiswa rimwe girazi guru uye vakadzokera. Glass ane nhete rukoko rakachengetedzwa pamadziro uye Rakasimbisa, uye ipapo chimiro chinobviswa.

Kushanduka kugadzirwa. kare

Nhoroondo panowanikwa girazi (ruoko-yakaitwa, Chokwadi) kunooneka zhinji miziyamu kuunganidza. Tichitarisa muunganidzwa Antiquities veIjipiti, tinogona kugumisa kuti zvigadzirwa ekare hachina kuoma. Details ikavhunduka vachiravana, kuti mukanamatira kune huru vhoriyamu. VaEgipita zvakare aiita mukugadzira wezvidimbu (kugadzira mashoko okudhinda pasimbi) regirazi, iro rave kushandiswa vashongedze fenicha. nzira iyi emakore mashoma wokurera uye vakakwana nevaRoma. Uyezve, nguva pfupi asati pakutanga edu mhizha yaitonga kubva Alexandria tega mumwe blowpipe. With payo, mukanyiwa Red-inopisa Varidza sefuro uye zvishoma nezvishoma akaupa chimiro dzakasiyana-siyana anokosha zvishandiso. Kunze vakasununguka inovhuvhuta, apararira kare ichivhuvhuta chizvaro. Dzimwe nguva vatenzi vaishandisa zvakawanda rose siyana, izvo zvino inounganidzwa kubva rakapera chigadzirwa. Nzira unobvumidza kubudisa zvakaoma magirazi zvakagadzirwa. Uyezve, vaRoma vakadzidza PANE mahwindo. Antique hwindo girazi tsvarakadenga ramakore dzakaonda chaizvo uye vakakanda (anofungidzirwa) kuva sandarara chimiro chomunhu.

Middle Ages uye Renaissance. kubudirira Venetians

The VaRoma vakabatsira kuti kupararira glassmaking mu Europe. Zvisinei, zvomunharaunda (kunyanya Cologne) zvigadzirwa vakaderera unhu kumabvazuva, asi vatenzi German akazogadzira ichiyangarara girazi. In sezvamunoita, hazvina zvakasiyana zvikuru kubva ano. Masters pamusoro Venice vaenda mberi. History of Glass munhoroondo vanhu hazvifungiki pasina mupiro Venetians. Ivo zvinechinangwa vakashanda kuvandudza ehupfumi kwemashoko akariita chaizvo pachena. Protectionism nekuda vomunharaunda kurimwa akatakura michero: yomunharaunda sekristaro airemekedzwa chaizvo muEurope.

Uyewo nezvirongo jira girazi, Venetian mhizha kugadzirwa kwechishamiso lenses uye magirazi. Chinenge hafu yevagari veguta racho vaiita girazi. Workshops vakatourayiwa zvaitambidzwa kuchitsuwa Murano kuitira kudzivisa dzomumaguta moto uye idonhe. Chokwadi, Venetians vaiva vakwikwidzi, anonyanya Genoese mhizha. Asi Fananidzo pamusoro Murano girazi rwaiwanikwa neDare wokuEngland John Ravenkroftom chete muzana remakore rechi17.

Nyaya girazi mu Russia. Kugadzirwa ndege

Rus zvinhu ichi dzinodhura rakabva Byzantium. Muna Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, vanochera matongo vakawana okudhindira glassmakers chokuita remakore rechi11. Asi zvigadzirwa akaramba shoma unyanzvi zvakavanzika vakarasika. Saka zvakaoma kuti pfungwa kana nhoroondo Russian regirazi. kazhinji zvakaitika munhoroondo yevanhu, zvokuti zvinhu zvizhinji vaifanira reinvent. Crafts Revival zvakaitika chete muzana remakore rechi17 (muna 1639), apo Swede Yu Koyet akavaka pedyo guru chirimwa kuti kugadzirwa hwindo girazi uye wezvinonhuhwira ndiro. Makore matatu gare gare, Izmailovo fekitari rakavambwa. Paiva kugadzirwa zvoumbozha, kunyanya nemasango "kusetsa" pamusoro muenzaniso Venetian mbiya.

Muzana remakore rechi18 glassworks akawanda chichiwanikwa munharaunda St. Petersburg. Rave kuzodzosera tega girazi mavara. Products kupendwa nendarama nesirivha, yakashongedzwa yakajeka uye opaque enamels.

ano glassmaking

Muna 18-19 emakore nhoroondo girazi munhoroondo vanhu vakaumbwa nokuda kwemaindasitiri. MuEurope, kuenda kuvandudzika pamusoro kugadzirwa kwacho. Paiva itsva chamatare, kuchinja zvemichina ndichinanavira uye uremu kugadzira. Kuvaka mafekitari, kugadzirwa akanga nezvezvaiitwawo murume ari mumugwagwa, kwete kutonga vanhu. Nemamwe mashoko, girazi rave richiwanika. Pakazosvika mangwanani remakore rechi20 nechepakati Russia aishanda emakambani duku zhinji, unobereka tableware uye sandara rinoonekera. Zvisinei, havana kukwanisa kusangana zvaidiwa: bhuku kupinzwa akaramba kumusoro.

Muna 1959, Britain mainjiniya kuumba nzira itsva ruoko uye swatanudza girazi ari zvokuishambidza gaba yakanyungudutswa. Rainzi "ichiyangarara nzira". Michina iyi, zvakawanda streamlined, uye inoshandiswa mukugadzira ano.