Zviito chii anganzi matauriro? Kupatsanura kutaura mabasa

Kana munhu rinobatanidzwa chero chiitiko, isati iri nguva dzose mumwe chinangwa. Iye mukusaziva kana nokungwaririra kuda kuita izvozvo, kuziva zvinangwa zvavo. Inenge nguva kuti awane chinangwa anofanira vabatsiri, zvaakanga ari kuedza kunyengetedza, kuti zvinobatanidzwa pane zvakananga pakutaura chiitiko, saka - anoita chiito chiri kushanda. Shoko - anogara basa imwe mhando, pano panouya mhedziso kuti chero chinhu chinogona kunzi inzwi. Ndizvo mashoko ose ane chinangwa zvainanga mugumisiro.

kutaura chiito

Maererano nyanzvi dzemitauro ano H. Grice, Searle J. uye J. Austin, kutaura mabasa - .. A kukurukura nevamwe, uye vanhu kutaura mabasa avo, atova anoita vamwe kuita, kana rwunotumirwa wacho. Vavariro mukurukuri inonzi kutaura chiito, chiito chokutaura kana izwi basa.

Siyana kutaura anoita pachena zvavo guru kwazvo riri zvombo kwevanhu. Masayendisiti zvekunyora kupatsanura apo hwaro chaizvo chinangwa nokutaura. Zviito chii anganzi matauriro? Hongu, vose kuvimbisa munhu kana kupfuura nhovo kupa kure nevamwe vavariro. Kakawanda, chinangwa haasi oga, uye kukurukura kusiyanisa marudzi akawanda rwokutaura uye kuronda wandei kutaura mabasa.

Dmitry Likhachev

Zvirokwazvo zvishamiso anogona kuita anotaurwa mutauro. Mienzaniso anogona kuwanikwa pose pose. Mukuru matauriro ake rehurumende kuti manikidza hondo ive aakatipa zvakapembererwa kuti heroism. Eulogy mushakabvu kana hama wemufi angava boka chikonzero chose vachichema, uye dzimwe nguva, mudane dzokutsiva. Chii kuita nhengo State Duma? Pane anotonga anotaurwa mutauro. Mienzaniso kwake kuramba kuvapo kubaya, sezvo riri basa vashandi. At reCongress yokutanga, iyo yakaitirwa marwadzo USSR, kusvikira vevatariri akaita academician Dmitry Likhachev.

Unogona kuongorora kutaura vake vanzwisise zvakajeka nezviito zvinogona kunzi inzwi. Anoti pakutanga mamiriro nemagariro Soviet, nokuti ayo anobatsira vanhu zvinoriumba, uye zvishamiso. kuti hapana vanhu sarudzo iri musarudzo pachikuva kunyange akasangana kunyange kamwe shoko - "tsika". Asi pasina yetsika inokosha iyo iye anopa mitemo magariro varege kushandisa mitemo zvoupfumi - zvakanyanya, sayenzi yemazuva ari kufa, nekuti kuedza munokosha mari, makuru mabasa uye anokosha kuvakwa haisi chinozoiswa nokuda kwokushayiwa pfupi anodzoka - uye zvichingodaro. Likhachev chakakurukurwa zvakadzama anosiririsa mamiriro anenge zvose nemagariro pazvivako, yamabhuku, mumaraibhurari, mamiziyamu. Kusanganisira hwakakanganiswa uye tsika kutaura maitiro, zvinobatanidzwa kwayo kudzikisirana. Kunyanya zvikuru akataura pamusoro dzidzo, nokuti ndipo tsika ndiye dziteyiwe. Izvi zvakateverwa kongiri vaitaura anatsiridze ezvinhu munyika munzvimbo iyi.

Communication uye mutauro

Ongorora kutaura academician, kwete chete kune imwe mhando kutaura anokukonzera, zvinoratidza zvinangwa. Chokwadi, kamwe zviri pachena kuti kuedza Likhachev, nokuchengeta zvose nemitemo nomuromo maitiro, kuti atambudzwe dzimwe nhengo dzeParamende kuisa kunze chokwadi kuti nzvimbo zvinoriumba chayo zvinangwa kuvanyengetedza. Uyewo pakarepo pachena kuti academician, kuwedzera inoudza vateereri akaedza kuvakurudzira zvimwe zviito. Taura - kutaura chiito, sezvo zvinoitika. Iti nangananga vateereri, kutaura nezvematambudziko. A mhando Kutaura anosarudza kutaura chinangwa.

Muchiitiko ichi Academician Likhachev ndezvevanhu agitational mhando kunokurudzira kuita chimwe chinhu, asi pamwe okunze uye achizivisa, uye anoti marudzi. Sechivako kutaura chiito iri nemashoko aya ndechokuti hakuna, zvichida, chete mhando epideyktichesky - grand doxology, iyo kazhinji akazara kuyeukwa Kutaura chepamusoro kwete chete, asiwo congresses yavanhu navakuru. Nei izvi zvichiitika? Hongu, nokuti academician Dmitry Likhachev, kusafanana zhinji navo, akasarudza yakarurama nomuromo maitiro, kubatsira kuti awane chinangwa.

Diatribichesky mhando

Kana nguva dzose - chiito? Uye chii nezviito zvinogona kunzi matauriro? Mumwe munhu kana aifarira diatribicheskim werudzii, nokusingaperi atarisana Fani iyi pamatanho ose. Asi, hachisi chiito, asi inzwi zvinokonzerwa, apo vaviri pachipfuva shamwari kwemaawa tichitaura parunhare. Pano tiri andinenge chaizvo uye kuzvitarisira sezvo zvainanga kuwana yakawiriranwa mufaro. Hapana chikonzero kukurukurirana ichi, hapana chinangwa, kunyange chinhu chitsva kazhinji hapana vakabvunzurudzwa havana kuziva, nokuti mazano vose kare hwakaratidza.

Asi pane evasingatombonamati mupfungwa makuriro, rudzi inofadza mufaro dzokukurukurirana, uye kupatsanura kutaura mabasa ane ichi mhando Kutaura somunhu yoga mutsetse. Diatribichesky mhando Kutaura (vazivi pfungwa iyi anenge okutuka) anosanganisira akanaka "mezhdusoboychikovye" majee zvishoma zvinonzwisisika nevokunze, zvimwe zvahungava hwakaita zvakavimbika pamusoro kusetsa ezvinhu, mashoko anonakidza anozivikanwa chete izvi Vakadzi ushingi. Izvi zvose unoitisa muenzaniso, kana matauriro anoita - haisi chiito, asi kusikwa imwe nyama nechekumashure, matambudziko unounza mufaro. Real mhenyu dzevakurukuri rizere mhando dzakawanda pakutaura mabasa, zvichienderana nezvinodiwa: kuti tsitsi, kuti akubatsire, kuranga munhu, kana kunyange kuedza kuuraya shoko ... Speech maitiro dzinosiyana-siyana zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu.

Genera uye mhando kutaura

1. The zvedzidzo matauriro. Hunosanganisira yunivhesiti uye chikoro hurukuro, tsvakurudzo mapepa, mishumo uye ongororo, yakakurumbira hurukuro sainzi.

2. rokutonga matauriro. Pane mhando mbiri: mutemo - kuzvidzivirira uye Kutonga - kupomera mhosva.

3. Kutaura Socio-enyika. It anoshuma, kutaura siyana panguva congresses, Misangano, misangano, misangano, shoko iri Paramende, dzimwe Misangano mikuru, uto-nyika kutaura uye agitatorial uye nedzenyu. Izvi zvinosanganisira political ongororo.

4. Socio-musha kutaura. Panewo mijenya zvaungasarudza: a kutaura pamabiko, duku kukwazisa, toasts siyana uye eulogies. Ndiwo mutauro anotaurwa zvikuru, mienzaniso munhu wese ari kuona rimwe zuva.

5. pakunamata kana Ecclesiastical uye zvouMwari kutaura The. Kune nzira mbiri: mharidzo rokuparidza uye nechechi pamutemo.

Zvinhu yemanyorero dzokwenyu inzwi mukurukuri runoenzanirana maitiro. zvinoumba mamiriro ezvinhu hako midzi mauri uye zvinoenderana ayo dzidziso, pova zvinopindirana kubatana.

pfungwa

Achitaura, mienzaniso zvinopiwa pamusoro, zvinobatsira kuti vanzwisise kutaura basa pachayo; nayo ngadzirambe mupfungwa kugutsikana (yakananga uye maitiro zvinhu, rinoreva, nzira, zvinhu uye migumisiro) akafudzisa zvinodiwa, inova chinodiwa kuti chero kutaura chiito. Plus kuongorora kwacho, kuti ndiyo Pasika, uye chinokurudzira zvirongwa. Kubva ichi tinogona kuona tsanangudzo kuti kutaura mabasa - ndivo zvimedu nevakariri mabasa evanhu munguva yakati.

Uye, naizvozvo, pfungwa kutaura basa uyewo inotevera kubva pamusoro: zviri chinangwa, kushingaira, rinogutsa uye anokurudzirwa muitiro kugamuchirwa uye issuance kuti akagadzira uye kuumbwa vamwe pfungwa mutauro rwekutaura, kana kungoti mashoko manzwiro. Uye izvi nechinangwa pakukurukurirana, izvo zvinogona kusangana kukurukura zvishande zvinodiwa. Vamapoka basa - kutaura mabasa kuti anogona kuitwa nedzimwe mhando kana pachavo, pasinei hombe chinangwa. Chero zvazvingava, kutaura zviito uye mabasa runobvira chete kana paine matambudziko pamusoro pavo, kana isu vanokwanisa kushandura mashoko munda somugumisiro pakukurukurirana.

About kutaura maitiro

Uyu yakakura uye zvishoma pane imwe pfungwa, nokuti maitiro mumwe munhu zvakananga, ane kunzwisisa maitiro nemafambiro, zviito uye maitiro. Zviri evanhu ari pamwe kushanda munzanga chimiro chimwe. Set kutaura mabasa uye mabasa kunonyanya kuoneka kutaura maitiro: ichi tsika, yezvakaita Implementation yawo somatic basa uye zviri nomuromo maitiro zvachose akakodzera kune migumisiro kutaura basa.

The chikwata pano kutaura chiito (chiito), iro rine hunhu matambudziko (the ndokuratidza) uye chitarisiko, kuti ndiyo chikamu nevarikutonga (zvichireva). Saka, tinogona sedimikira nezvazvo "zvivakamutauro" kana "madudzirwo," kana mumwe maitiro sezvo kutaura hazvo inosanganisira mumwe pakuderedza mupfungwa, Detective zvimwe unhu husina. It pachayo zvichishandurwa zvinorehwa: kubva phonation uye kutaura kuburikidza mashoko - kukurukura. Chero zvazvingava, zviri kuita munhu kwacho rwekutaura uye kushandiswa mutauro yokuzviratidza.

kutaura kwacho

Independent dzevanhu basa, ayo chaiyo chimiro - ndiro tsanangudzo kutaura mabasa. Vakapa pfungwa chinangwa, vanoshingaira, nokuda mamiriro ezvinhu uye mutauro zvisina kunanga yokukurukurirana, kuti nekuita kana kugamuchira inzwi mashoko ari kudyidzana womunhu nevamwe vanhu. Wakaisa uyu maitiro chikamu rinobatanidza basa - zvishande, kushanda Somuenzaniso, asi unogona kuvapo vakazvimiririra. Zvisinei, izvi rwokutaura uye kutaura mabasa hakuna kufanana. Activities - nguva dzose ane muitiro, asi mumwe muitiro - kwete nguva dzose kushanda. "Hello Makadii?", A nhetembo Somuenzaniso, Lermontov, kudzokorora, kuti issuance ari mudzidzisi kana mboni omumwe homuweki uye zvakawanda - kutaura mabasa, asi kwete basa uye kwete muitiro. Kusiyanisa pakati izvi pfungwa vanofanira kufunga zvakawanda zvokusarudza kuti ongororo.

1. Structural sangano (kwokunze uye zvemukati).

2. Item kana mupfungwa kugutsikana.

We funga kunzwisisa kusakarongeka yenhengo zvose izvi kutaura basa sezvo kushanda maonero, kuteerera, ndangariro, mafungiro. Izvi zvinoda kuti kuongorora zvinotevera zvinoumba uye zvechadenga kuchiitwa.

3. Obschefunktsionalnye zvigadziriswe mabasa ari mupfungwa mativi.

4. mukati dzokunze ruvara pakuzara nhaurirano mapato zvinobatanidzwa kwacho.

5. Analysis of Implementation kubatana chimiro uye vanogutsikana.

The zvemukati STRUCTURAL sangano

mabasa Human uye matauriro ayo chinoumba takatsunga saizvozvo - mu zvikamu zvitatu:

• motivational causative-danho;
• tsvakurudzo danho;
• varikutonga danho.

Pane ari chinozoiswa kunzwisisa kudyidzana kubudisa mugumisiro mabasa: kudiwa - vavariro - chinangwa. Main propulsion nokuti basa munhu - zviri kudiwa, kudiwa, kudiwa. The tinoda chaizvo, Chokwadi, hazvirevi kutsanangura dzidziso yacho chiito, asi nechinangwa kugamuchira chokwadi kuwana vega pfungwa. Saka nyaya anova chinangwa kutaura basa, kuita.

Cognition uye Kukurukurirana - kuramba kudiwa uye chikuru tsime kutaura mabasa. Motive zvakare anosarudza hunhu uye nesimba kuti unobatanidza zvose kana zvakawanda siyana kutaura basa. Hunhu kutaura kwacho havagoni kugumisa pfungwa, ichi ndicho pakutanga nokuda refu dhonza, vakaberekwa dzinokurudzira zvoupenyu pfungwa yose Zvifambiso uye zvavanoda, zvido uye mafungiro, kunokanganisa uye manzwiro. Zvichitevera muitiro repfungwa kutanga kufamba uye huchachinja, mukupindura mubvunzo husingaperi: "Sei?" Motivation semhepo, zvichiguma gore pfungwa kufamba kupotsera kupa upenyu-mvura mashoko.

Danho rechipiri uye rechitatu

The danho rechipiri - the analytic-chakaita zvokugadzirwa kana nehasha tsvakurudzo - kudzidza ezvinhu, musoro uye Kuziviswa yacho zvivako, anoita sarudzo uye anokwevera pfuti ari zvombo nzira (nenharo, kupenda) duramazwi kutaura basa. Pano vanosarudzwa nzira kuti awane chinangwa, chimiro uye kuronga dzavo kana chikwereti (kupiwa) akafunga kuraramisa kunoita kutaura nokukurukurirana. In ichi danho, kuronga, chirongwa uye nechomukati kuronga zvose zvinowanikwa mutauro nzira uye nzira kutaura.

The danho wechitatu - pakutevedzera, Executive - asingagoni zvakajeka, zvakadai vaiwanzouraya munhu kungotaura anoteerera kana anoverenga hurongwa. Naizvozvo, wechitatu danho rakakamurwa zvinoriumba maviri: varikutonga chokutambudzika muteereri uye nevarikutonga kutotanga injini. Kutaura vanhu (kutsanangura basa) anogara chaikunda muteereri: nekunyatsotsanangura, intonation pakutaura uye zvichingodaro. Zvaasingatsauri pakati zvinoriumba iwayo, tsanangudzo yakajeka rakaoma kuwana. Saka, chiito chimwe nechimwe kutaura basa anotanga kweshoko anoramba kuvaka kuronga uye yakananga akavhiyiwa uye kubereka apedzerana mugumisiro - zvakanaka kana asina. Man, zvakakwana nyanzvi ino kukurukura mamiriro inoumbwa ose mutauro unyanzvi, akaipa mugumisiro inotengwa zvakati zvishoma.

pasi gutsikana

Mupfungwa, kureva, zvinhu zviri zvachose, chero kutaura basa, uye zviri rakaenzana STRUCTURAL kuvakwa kwayo. Pano zvinosanganisira zvinhu zvakawanda, zvakadai nyaya yacho, mari inodiwa, nokungwarira vakasarudzwa maturusi uye zvichingodaro. Nyaya kutaura kuita sechinhu zvinokosha, nokuti anosarudza hunhu remangwana pakukurukurirana uye kuti pane kudikanwa isu. Inogona kuva chinhu - zvaioneka, zvechokwadi, uye kunyange akakwana (uye kuti ndiyo nyaya - kunorondedzerwa kumusoro: zviri vakafunga sezvo muchimiro kuratidzwa mananara chokwadi pamwe kwokubatana zvose uye ukama).

Speech anoita somunhu dzidzo-pamwero matatu, apo paavhareji - nokukurudzirwa, vanoda uye chinangwa, nechepasi - pasi plan, uye okumusoro pamwero - the operative. Nyaya kugutsikana haidereri kukosha nyaya uye chigadzirwa - unobatanidza mudzidziso basa materializes chinhu. Pano chigadzirwa, kusiyana pfungwa (chinhu) angasava vakakwana, inogara iri miviri. Text kana mashoko - yakaisvonaka chigadzirwa kutaura basa, izvo objectified kuisa mupfungwa peculiarities yacho yacho.