Manganese (mushonga chaikosha): zvivako uye chikumbiro, kubva pakunzi ukuru oxidation, dzinonakidza zvinhu

Chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha simbi simbi iri manganese. Uyezve, kazhinji zvikuru kujairika maatomu akafanana, iyo chokuita dzinonakidza chokwadi. Zvinokosha kuti zvipenyu, zvakakodzera pakugadzirira alloys zhinji, makemikari. Manganese - makemikari Kufananidzira, pikicha izvo zvinogona kuonekwa pazasi. Yakanga zvivako ake uye unhu munyaya ino.

Mamirire mushonga eremendi

Kana isu nezvazvo manganese ive chinhu periodic ino, chinhu chokutanga chinofanira kuva unhu chinzvimbo chake mairi.

1. Zvinonzi munzvimbo wechina nguva huru, boka wechinomwe, Sub-mapoka.
2. Serial nhamba - 25. Manganese - chinhu ichocho, nokuchengeta cores izvo zvakaenzana 25 maatomu. Kuwanda maerekitironi ndiro Nyuturoni - 30.
3. Kukosha maatomu guru - 54,938.
4. Rokuti makemikari manganese maatomu akafanana - MN.
5. zita Latin - manganese.

Zvayaiva pakati chromium uye simbi, rinotsanangura izvi zvakafanana nematauriro navo mumuviri makemikari maitiro.

Manganese - makemikari Kufananidzira: iitike simbi

Kana tikaongorora kupiwa atomu Erekitironi configuration, ayo payakavakirwa achava chimiro: 1s 2s ^{2 2 2} 2p ⁶ 3s 3p ⁶ 4S ² 3d ^5. Zvinova pachena kuti nhau kuonana chinhu - ari kuchinja simbi kuti d-mhuri. maerekitironi mashanu 3d sublevel hurukuro pamusoro kutsiga atomu, iri richiratidzwa ayo namakemikari ehupfumi.

Sezvo kuderedza simbi iri manganese, asi ruzhinji ayo yeimwe kukwanisa kuratidza uye zvakakwana simba oxidizing kugona. Izvi imhaka akasiyana inosiyana oxidation uye valences, iro rine basa maatomu akafanana. Ndiro chiri mhuri iyi simbi.

Saka, manganese - makemikari maatomu akafanana, iri pakati pezvimwe maatomu, uye kuva ayo anokosha maitiro pachake. Funga ehupfumi izvi zvizere.

Manganese - makemikari maatomu akafanana. oxidation dhigirii

Hatina atotaurwa kare electronic yokuita atomu. Maererano naye, maatomu akafanana ichi anokwanisa kuva zvakanaka oxidation inoti. Ivo:

• 0;
• +2;
• 3;
• 4;
• 6;
• 7.

The Valence of atomu ndiyo IV. Akatsiga zvikuru vaya yeimwe umo tsika rwakavapo manganese +2, +4, +6. The soro mwero oxidation achibvumira yeimwe kuita oxidants sezvo simba. Somuenzaniso: KMnO _4, MN ₂ O _7.

Compounds mbiri yokuderedza vamiririri vane hydroxide, manganese (II) ane amphoteric ehupfumi, aine predominance wose. Zvenguva inosiyana oxidation zviratidzi zvinoumba amphoteric akakura.

History yakawanikwa

Manganese - chimwe chinhu namakemikari kuti wakashamira pakarepo, asi zvishoma uye nemasayendisiti siyana. Zvisinei, kubatana ake, vanhu vakashandisa kubva kare. Manganese oxide (IV) rakashandiswa nokuda kubvunda rinoonekera. Mumwe Italian akataura kuti kuwedzera mukomboni urwu ruchipa ruvara kwavo yepepuru mune makemikari kugadzirwa regirazi. Pamwe ichi, zvakafanana nezvaunazvo kunobatsira kubvisa turbidity mu magirazi chitsvuku.

Gare gare muAustria musayendisiti Qaim Rinotarisira vakagamuchira chigamba esimbi manganese, kuita kumusoro tembiricha pyurolizit (manganese oxide (IV)), potashi uye marasha. Zvisinei, mharidzo iyi aiva mugove nouipi, kubvisa kuti asingagoni, saka yokutanga haina kutora nzvimbo.

Gare gare imwezve musayendisiti synthesized sezvo musanganiswa umo inokosha zvinoenderana murimo kwakachena simbi. Yaiva Bergman, ambotaurwa akawana chinhu nickel. Zvisinei, izvozvo kuunza nyaya kuguma hazvina kuva pamberi.

Manganese - makemikari Kufananidzira, iyo yakagadzirirwa uye voga muchimiro nyore fuma kokutanga akatsiva Karlu Sheele muna 1774. Zvisinei, wakazviita I. Hahn, uyo akapedza muitiro kubvunda simbi chimedu. Asi ivo havana kukwanisa kubvisa zvachose nouipi uye kuwana 100% goho.

Kunyange zvakadaro, nguva ino aiva kuwanikwa atomu. Izvi masayendisiti chete vakaedza kupa zita semapiyona. Ivo manganezium izwi akasarudzwa. Zvisinei, pashure kuwanikwa magnesium vakatanga nyonganyonga uye zita manganese akazonzi magetsi (H. David, 1908).

Sezvo manganese - makemikari Kufananidzira ane ehupfumi anokosha chaizvo kuti metallurgia dzakawanda urongwa, pamusoro nguva zvakava zvakakodzera achiri kutsvaka nzira kubudisa payo yakaisvo-chimiro. dambudziko iri rakanga kugadziriswa masayendisiti munyika yose, asi akakwanisa kugadzirisa chete muna 1919 kuburikidza nebasa R. Agladze - musayendisiti Soviet uye kemisiti. Kureva, akawana nzira kuti anogona kuva sulphates uye chlorides pakati manganese kubudikidza electrolysis kuwana wakachena simbi fuma kugutsikana 99,98%. Zvino nzira iyi rinoshandiswa pose.

Kuva zvakasikwa

Manganese - makemikari Kufananidzira, pikicha imwe pfuma nyore izvo zvinogona kuonekwa pazasi. Zvakasikwa, pane yakawanda isotopes ane atomu, uwandu neutrons umo dzinosiyana zvikuru. Saka, mukanyiwa nhamba dzinosiyana kuwanda kubva 44 kusvika 69. Zvisinei, chete akatsiga isotope ane ichocho vane kukosha ⁵⁵ MN, vamwe vane negligibly pfupi hafu-upenyu, kana pane diki zvakawanda.

Sezvo manganese - zvemakemikari chinhu umo ukuru oxidation zvinosiyana zvikuru, uye yeimwe zvakasikwa sezvo anoumba zvikuru. In yakaisvonaka chimiro, kuti chinhu hachina pana zvose. The mamineral ores zvechigarire wokwake - simbi. Total zvinogoneka kunan'anura vamwe inokosha matombo, izvo zvinosanganisira manganese.

1. Pyrolusite. A remubatanidzwa wenyika payakavakirwa: MnO ₂ + NH ₂ O.
2. Psilomelane Morekuru MnO2 * mMnO * nH2O.
3. Manganite payakavakirwa MnO * OH.
4. Braunite vashoma kupfuura vamwe. The yokuita MN ₂ O _3.
5. Hausmannite payakavakirwa MN * MN ₂ O _4.
6. Rodonite MN ₂ (Sio _{3) 2.}
7. Manganese carbonate mhangura.
8. Raspberry spar rhodochrosite kana - MnCO _3.
9. Purple - MN ₃ PO _4.

Uyezve, zvinoita kunan'anura zvicherwa zvakawanda, izvo kunosanganisirawo chinhu pasi kukurukurwa. Ivo:

• calcite;
• siderite;
• ivhu zvicherwa;
• chalcedony;
• hiakindi;
• jecha uye silt akakura.

Kuwedzera mugodhi uye sedimentary matombo, zvicherwa, manganese - kemikari chaikosha kuti rwuripowo murwiyo zvinosanganisira:

1. Dyarai zvinenge. Zvifambiso Kudeuka maatomu akafanana izvi hazvina: mvura Chestnut, duckweed, diatoms.
2. Ngura notumwe.
3. Dzimwe mhando mabhakitiriya.
4. Zvinotevera mhuka: tsvuku masvosve, crustaceans, mollusks.
5. Vanhu - nezuva kudiwa pamusoro 3-5 MG.
6. Nyanza ane 0.3% mvura maatomu akafanana izvi.
7. Zvachose kugutsikana mune goko pamusoro 0.1% uremu.

Kazhinji, ndizvo 14 vakawanda vanzwe zvose redu. Pakati weheavy metal simbi mushure wechipiri.

mumuviri ehupfumi

Mumaonero zvivako zviri manganese somunhu nyore fuma, pane zvakawanda zvinokosha mumuviri maitiro nokuti.

1. Iri nyore fuma iri simbi zvakakwana nesimba (pamwero indekisi Mohs 'ndiyo 4). Color - silvery chena, mhepo akafukidza rwokudzivirira oxide firimu iri kupenyerera chikamu.
2. Utsotso pfungwa 1246 ⁰ C.
3. Achibika - 2061 ⁰ C.
4. Conductive ehupfumi zvakanaka, ndiko paramagnetic.
5. Metal arambe achirema ndiyo 7,44 g / masendimita ^3.
6. Pane muchimiro polymorphs mana (α, β, γ, σ), zvakasiyana mu mamiriro uye yekamuri chimiro uye chiputiriso arambe achirema pamusoro maatomu. Uyewo siyana yavo utsotso tembiricha.

In simbi inoshandiswa zvitatu zvinokosha siyana manganese: β, γ, σ. Alpha kashoma, sezvo zvinondiremera kusimba ehupfumi ayo.

mushonga ehupfumi

Mumaonero wekemisitiri manganese - kemikari chaikosha ane Ion mutariri dzinosiyana zvikuru kubva +2 kusvika +7. Kunosiya chiratidzo pamusoro kwayakaita. Vakasununguka muchimiro manganese mudenga zvikuru zvishoma zvaanoita nemvura, soluble mune sanganisa acids. Zvisinei, unofanira chete kuwedzera tembiricha iri simbi sezvo basa anowedzera zvinoshamisa.

Saka anokwanisa kuita pamwe:

• senitrogen;
• kabhoni;
• halogens;
• nesilicon;
• phosphorus;
• sarufa nevamwe vasiri simbi.

Kana neshungu simbi pasina mhepo nyore zvinoenda mhute wehurumende. Zvichienderana ukuru oxidation, iyo akava manganese aro yeimwe kunogona kuderedza nevasori uye oxidizing nevamiririri. Vamwe vanoratidza amphoteric ehupfumi. Saka, zvinokosha chakanangana yeimwe, izvozvo +2 iyo. Amphoteric - 4, uye simba oxidizing asidhi kupinda soro kukosha +7.

Pasinei chokwadi kuti manganese - ari kuchinja simbi kunzwisisa yeimwe vashoma kwaari. Izvi imhaka kugadzikana Erekitironi configuration pamusoro atomu, nokuti 3d sublayer rine 5 maerekitironi.

Nzira achigadzirira

Pane nzira nhatu dzinonyanya umo manganese rinogadzirirwa mu indasitiri (namakemikari eremendi). Kuverenga rechiLatin rokuti, hatina kare akasarudzwa - manganum. Kana isu kurishandura kupinda Russian, zvichava "hungu, zvechokwadi anojekesa discolors". Naizvozvo zita rayo manganese kunodiwa kuratidza kuti ehupfumi anozivikanwa kubva chaizvo kare.

Zvisinei, pasinei mukurumbira, kuti nawo yakachena chimiro zvokushandisa akakwanisa chete muna 1919. Izvi zvinoitwa anotevera nzira.

1. Electrolysis, chigadzirwa goho riri 99,98%. Nenzira iyi, manganese mu makemikari indasitiri.
2. Silicothermic kana kupora kushandisa nesilicon. With nzira iyi kune Fusion pamusoro nesilicon uye manganese oxide (IV), zvichiguma yakachena simbi. The goho anenge 68%, nekuti manganese remubatanidzwa ndeyokuita-yakabereka pamwe nesilicon mu silicide. Nzira iyi inoshandiswa metallurgia indasitiri.
3. Aluminothermic nzira - munhu kupora kushanda uchishandisa aruminiyamu. Uyewo haana kupa kukwirira goho, manganese utachiona kubudikidza tsvina.

Gadzira of simbi kunokosha kuti pezvakaitwa akawanda anoitwa simbi. Kunyange duku kuwedzera manganese anokwanisa zvakasimba kupesvedzera ehupfumi ari alloys. Zvinonzi kwakaratidza kuti urwa nesimbi zhinji, achizadza ayo sekristaro napamahwindo.

Ubanguranyika uye kugadzirwa chaikosha ichi Russia pokutanga kutanga munyika. Uyewo, izvi zviri kuitwa munyika dzakadai:

• China.
• South Africa.
• Kazakhstan.
• Georgia.
• Ukraine.

Kushandisa indasitiri

Manganese - makemikari Kufananidzira, kushandiswa iri kukosha kwete chete simbi. asiwo dzimwe nzvimbo. Kuwedzera simbi yakachena chimiro, muri zvikuru uye yeimwe siyana atomu ichi. Kureva zvihombe.

1. Kune mhando inoverengeka alloys, iyo, nokuda manganese zvakasiyanawo ehupfumi. Somuenzaniso, mashoko Hadfield simbi rwakasimba chaizvo uye hunogara kuti rinoshandiswa kuti simbi zvikamu Excavator, dombo kubudiswa michina, grinders, bhora zvigayo, dzokurwa zvinhu.
2. Manganese yakasviba - oxidative electroplating tichisunga maatomu akafanana, rinoshandiswa kana kutanga depolarizer.
3. Vazhinji yeimwe kuti manganese zvinodiwa kuti Syntheses siyana Organic zvinhu.
4. Potassium permanganate (potassium permanganate kana) unoshandiswa somushonga simba akambozvishandisa kuuraya utachiona mumiririri.
5. chaikosha Izvi chinosanganisirwa murwiyo hwendarira, nendarira, nokuumba pachake chiwanikwa waro mhangura, iyo inoshanda kugadzira turbines ndege, mashizha, uye dzimwe nhengo.

The chaivo basa

The daily chinodiwa kuti manganese womunhu 3-5 MG. Kushayiwa chinhu ichi inotungamirira kudzvinyirirwa tsinga, hope nenyonganiso uye kufunganya, dzungu. basa rayo haina aizvinzwisisa, asi zviri pachena kuti, pakutanga kwezvose, izvozvo ane mwoyo:

• kukura;
• Basa mumasero dzepabonde;
• basa mahormone;
• paumbwe ropa.

chaikosha Izvi ndiripo zvose zvinomera, mhuka, murume, unoratidza rayo rinokosha chaivo basa.

Interesting ruzivo pamusoro chinhu

Manganese - makemikari Kufananidzira, vanonakidza chokwadi chinogona kufadza munhu, uye kujekesa kuti zvinokosha. Heano zvikuru zvinokosha, izvo akawana chiratidzo chacho munhoroondo zvesimbi.

1. In nguva Civil War muna USSR, mumwe wokutanga ekisipoti zvigadzirwa zvakanga mhangura ine yakawanda manganese.
2. Kana manganese yakasviba kubatanidza pamwe potassium hydroxide uye nitrate, uye ipapo chigadzirwa yakanga zvazvichanyungudutswa mvura, kutendeuka vatange inoshamisa. Chokutanga, mushonga vachadzokera manyoro uye ipapo yebhuruu dziberekane richachinja pashure - Purple. Pakupedzisira, razibheri uye zvishoma nezvishoma kuwira shava precipitate. Kana musanganiswa kuzununguka, ipapo akadzorerwa zvakare manyoro uye zvose zvichiitika zvakare. Zviri pamusoro izvi potassium permanganate uye zita raro, iro anoshandura se "zvicherwa norwaivhi".
3. Kana iri pasi kuti fetiraiza ine manganese, ipapo muti kuchawedzera negoho uye nokuwedzera mwero photosynthesis. Winter gorosi zviyo achaita kuumba nani.
4. The zvikuru bimvu pamusoro chicherwa manganese rhodonite airema matani 47 uye akawanikwa ari Urals.
5. Pane chiwanikwa ternary inonzi manganin. It rinoumbwa zvinhu zvakadai mhangura, manganese uye nickel. Rakasiyana nemamwe pakuti ane guru yemagetsi nemishonga, izvo hakunei tembiricha asi uri pasi pokudzora kufurirwa.

Chokwadi, izvi hazvisi zvose pane kutaura pamusoro simbi iyi. Manganese - makemikari Kufananidzira, vanonakidza zvinhu zviri zvikuru siyana. Kunyanya kana isu kutaura pamusoro ehupfumi kuti anomupa alloys siyana.