Zvokurarama nazvo uye nemamiriro chakuvhe. Avilable amanita

Pakati peumambo huripo huripo hwemhuka dzesango, mushwa uri munzvimbo inokosha. Vane zviratidzo zvisina kujairika, vachizvifananidza sechinhu chakasiyana, chakasiyana, asi chakakosha zvikuru uye chinoshanda kune zvakasikwa uye zvipenyu zvevanhu. Zvikamu zvehutano uye basa rehupenyu hwefungi, tichaedza kuongorora munyaya yacho, kuitira kuti tinzwisise kuti chii chaicho.

Nyaya

Umambo hwehowa hunodarika makumi mapfumbamwe emarudzi avo. Uye pakati pavo unogona kuwana nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekudya kwaunoita:

• Saprophytes;
• Parasites;
• Symbionts.

Unicellular yakaderera uye miviri yakawanda yepamusoro yezvisikwa izvi zvakapararira mune zvechisikigo uye inoshandisa nzvimbo yakakura mumamiriro ezvinhu enyika. Usakanganwa mushwa nevanhu, kuva zvipenyu izvo zvinosangana navo kwete kunze kunze, asiwo pamasero emunharaunda, kubva mukati (pasitic fungi, candida).

Basa rinokosha mumararamiro evanhu rinotambidzwa nekirasi yepamusoro ye basidiomycetes, kana hove mushroom. Mushure mezvose, huwandu hwavo ndedzvisikwa zvinodyiwa zvinoshandiswa nemunhu sechigadzirwa chinokosha chekudya kwemazana emakore.

Kubva pane chinangwa chekuona, chimiro chefungus chinofanirwa kunyatsotarisirwa, iyo ine zviitiko zvakasiyana-siyana zvakasvibirira zvose zvirimwa nemhuka. Kunyange zvazvo kunze kwayo iri pedo neumambo hwemiti. Nenzira yakawanda, chimiro chefungus chiri nyore: kana mhuka yacho isinganzwisisiki, inosanganisira noncellular mycelium uye hyphae ne sporangia uye spores. Kana iri mubvunzo wemumiririri wepamusoro, ipapo zvikamu zvakarongwa ndezvi:

• Mycelium (mycelium) - chikamu chepasi;
• Hyphae, inopindirana muchikamu chepanyika muchimiro chemuviri wezvibereko;
• Foot;
• Hat.

Iko kunewo izvo zvinomiririra chimwe chinhu pakati pemakungwa ezasi nepamusoro mukugadzirisa uye mararamiro.

Kurongwa

Modern systematics inosanganisira 7 makirasi makuru, akabatanidzwa mumatare matatu. Chimiro uye mabasa ehupenyu emafungidzi eumwe neumwe wavo ane zvimene zvake uye zvinhu. Ngationgororei pamusoro pezvo.

Fikomycetes

Iyo yakawanda kwazvo yezvipenyu izvi zvipembenene uye mapafrophytic mafomu, anoshandisa hupenyu hupenyu, mhuka, munhu, zvokudya, zvinhu zveimba. Kune zvikwata zvitatu:

• Chitridiomycetes - vagari vemvura itsva uye yemunyu. Kuparadzisa kune dzimwe nzara, kunogonawo kufudza saprotrophically, kuparadza masara emichero nemhuka. Izvo zvivako zvisati zviripo. Zviratidzo zvegadziriro yemafungiro emhando iyi - pakuti masero ane mazamu akawanda-rhizomycelia, anoshumira kunamatira kune substrate, pamwe nekufambisa mumumakamuri emvura. Vamiririri: chitridium, monoblepharous, spizellomycete, rhizophidia.
• Oomycetes inorwarisa zvipembenene zvakanyanya zvezvirimwa zvakakwirira, pamwe nemafuta emvura. Chimiro chefungus chinomiririrwa ne multinucleated noncellular mycelium, kubereka kunowanikwa nekuda kwezvikepe zvemashamba. Kuvapo kwe cellulose muchitinhi chemasvingo kunoratidza kuswedera kune zvitsva kusvika kune imwe fungi. Vamiririri: phytophthora, peronospores nevamwe. Zvinokonzera kwete kuora zvikamu zvezvirimwa, asiwo zvirwere zveupenyu hwemvura, dzimwe nguva kuparadza zvirimwa zvakakwana.
• Zygomycetes - vagari venyika nevhu, unicellular zvakaoma mafomu. Dzimwe tsanangudzo dzichafungidzirwa pamuenzaniso wekumiririra akajeka-mukora.
• Giphohitridiomycetes ndiwo maitiro akasiyana-siyana, mukugadzirisa uye mararamiro, pakati pe oomycetes uye chitridiomycetes.

Eumycetes

Ichi chikwata chinosanganisira mafomu akakwana zvakakwana kubva kumakirasi matatu:

• Ascomycetes ihwohwo mushonga hunokosha mukurapa. Chimiro chemuviri chinoreva kuvapo kwe mycelium, multicellular, septate uye yakagadzirwa zvikuru. Uyewo mazita avo (marsupial) mahowa aya akawana zvikwama zvepakutanga, kudzika kana kuti asci, umo kukakavadzana kwepabonde kunokwira. Muchivako pane hyphae, pamagumo ayo conidia inoumbwa, kubatanidzwa mukuberekwa. Vamiririri: mbiriso, penicillium, aspergillus nevamwe. Ikoshesa chokwadi chokuti mhando dzakawanda dzinokwanisa kubudisa maantibioti.
• Deuteromycetes, kana fungi isina kukwana. Vazhinji vamiririri ndevamarudzi eBelida, zvichikonzera chirwere chimwechete mumuviri wemunhu nemhuka. Zvisungo uye nhengo zvinoshandiswa. Havana mycelium chaiyo, chete pseudostructure. Vanowedzera, vachiumba chlamydospores.
• Bazidiomycete, kana chikwata cheti. Chimiro chefungus ekirasi ino chichakurukurwa zvakadarika pasi apa.

Kufananidzwa nezvimwe zvipenyu

Chimiro chemasero emiti, mhuka, fungi ine nhamba dzakawanda dzinowanikwa. Ndicho chikonzero kusvikira zvino chisina kugadziriswa kana kuti kuparadzanisa zvipenyu zviri pasi pekutarirwa muumambo hwakasiyana kana kuti zvichisanganiswa nemiti kana mhuka.

Chinhu chacho ndechokuti kune huwandu hwezviratidzo zvekuti mushroom akafanana nemafuta:

1. Kukwanisa kuwedzera kukura muhupenyu hwose.
2. Masero emushonga ane masero masero masvingo, semiti.
3. Nzira dzekubereka dzinofanana: nekubatsirwa kwe spores uye zvikamu zve mycelium, iyo ndeyeviratively.
4. Kusakwanisa kutamira mudenga.
5. Kubvuta kwezvimwenje kubudirira.

Zvisinei, kusiyana neavo vanofunga kuti fungi idzi dzinoderedza mbeu pazvikonzero izvi, zvinyorwa zvakawanda zvinofanira kunzi, zvinopupurira kufanana kwezvipenyu kune mhuka:

1. Iro svingo rusvingo rine polysaccharide - chitin. Kunyange zvazvo chinhu ichocho chinoumba skeleton yekunze yemakustaceans uye zvimwe zvipembenene.
2. Nzira dze uric acid dzakawanikwa mune zvigadzirwa zvemushroom mushandi.
3. Iyo inochengeterwa chikafu mune zvipenyu izvi glycogen, sevanhu.
4. Nenzira yekuwana mishonga, izvi ndezvehutachiona hunokonzerwa neheterotrophic, sezvo chlorophyll isingawaniki mumasero avo.

Nokudaro, zviri pachena kuti mushroom ihwo humwe humwe humwe humwe humwe humwe umambo hwakasiyana.

Nhengo yesimbi yemushonga

Izvi zvakafanana uye zvinopesana nezvimwe zvipenyu zvinoratidzikawo zvinoratidzirwa muchimiro chisina kudzika, masero emagetsi. Saka, sero fungal ine zvinhu zvinotevera zvinotevera:

1. Kunze, inoparadzaniswa nekamuri serusvingo, semiti. Zvisinei, zvinhu zvinoumba sarudzo iyi zvinoratidza kuti kune kufanana kwakawanda nemhuka. Nhengo: chitin (mune mamwe marudzi cellulose), glycan, polysaccharides, monosaccharides, heteropolymers. Nekufamba kwenguva, chivakwa ichi chinogona kuomesa, kuunganidza masarti e calcium oxalate, ipapo kunze kwemycelium uye muviri uchava wakaoma, uchiyeuchidza tsinde yemiti. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, sero remadziro rinofukidzwa nemucheka kubva kunze.
2. Zvadaro chimiro chemazinga chemuviri weplasma chigadzirwa chemvura-chema-mosaic, chine bhinzi rinopinda uye rakapindirana uye rakaputika mapuroteni ezvinangwa zvakasiyana. Mabasa epamusoro ndeaya akafanana neaya ezvisikwa zvakakwirira, kupa hushanda uye humbozha hwekutakura kuenda uye kubva kuchitokisi.
3. Pasi pe plasmalemma inonzi protoplast inosanganisira vacuole, nucleus ine nucleoli, cytoplasm ine hyaloplasm uye organoids.
4. Vacuoles with cell sap ndiyo kufanana kusingagumi kune imwe sendimu. Munguva yeupenyu, nhamba nekukura kwezvivako izvi zvakasiyana. Muchikwereti chikuru pane imwe huru parietal vacuole, izere nechinangwa chine polyphosphates, mahydrohydrates, nheyo dzemakemikorosi.
5. Iyo nucleus uye nucleolus inowanzowanikwa mune zvidhori zvakafanana. Iko iri pedyo nechepakati pechitokisi uye vanoshumira kuchengeta uye kutumira ruzivo rwekuzvarwa nenzira ye nucleic acid molecules (DNA, RNA). Chimiro chesero refungal rinonakidza pakuti nuclei inowanikwa mitotic, asi haisi kugovana pakarepo mumasero maviri nemutsara unopfurikidza. Nokudaro, kwechinguva mune chimiro chemusango inogona kuwanikwa maviri-core uye tri-nyukliya maitiro.
6. Iko cytoplasm ndiyo seni ye hyaloplasm uye organelles. Mune mvura yakasvibirira, mahydrohydrates anopera, glycogen inclusions iripo, microfilaments kukura, cytoskeleton yecenzura inoumbwa. Inhengo dze mitochondria, ribosomes, dictyosomes. Kutaura pamusoro pezvikamu zvehutano hwemafungus, zvakakodzera kutaura nezvemasasomes. Aya ndiwo miviri inopfurikidza, iyo ine basa risati rajeka.

Nokudaro, sero remafungiro rinofananidza pamwe nemhuka nemiti. Zvisinei, inosanganisira zvishoma nezvimwe zvikamu.

Unicellular mushroom: mucor

Vamiririri vorudzi urwu vakaona, zvichida, zvose. White fluffy mildew, inoratidzira pane zvokudya, miriwo nemichero, stale michina uye mhuka dzenyama ndeye fungi yejeri Mukor weZygomycete kirasi.

Kunze, kana ichionekwa nechiso chisina kujeka, inoratidzika seguru rinoputika. Nokufamba kwenguva, inosviba uye inova gwefu, ghena. Izvi zvinoitika kana kukura zvipembenene mu sporangia, apo mold yakakura uye iri kugadzirira kubereka.

Iyo moldy mushroom mushroom chimiro iri nyore. Chokutanga, zvose zvayo - imwe huru yakadzika mashizha, uye inofellular. Kungofanana neyangu mycelium ine nyuchikireya yakawanda, asi pasina zvikamu, inowedzera simba. Zvinoratidzika kuti kune miviri yakawanda, asi izvi hazvisi izvo.

Iyo hyphae yefungus iyi inokura kumusoro nepamusoro uye pamagumo iyo inoita sporangia, kakawanda inowedzera yakawanda umo mbeu dzinokura. Imwe zita rokuti mucor inonzi mildew. Yakapiwa kwavari zvakanyatsokonzerwa nekuda kwechimiro chakadaro uye urongwa hwezvigadzirwa zveporesi.

Mushure mokutsvaira, masero maduku zvikuru anodurura kubva pakaputika sporangia uye anotanga kukura kuva maitiro matsva. Uyewo muhupo uye zvepabonde - inoberekawo mushroom mushroom mucor. Chimiro chemuviri wakadikanwa tsvimbo yemitambo yeimwe kana mitemo yakasiyana iyo inobatana pamwe nekuumba zygote. Anobva apa hypha itsva ne sporangia, iyo inhengo yakasununguka.

Ichi chivako chemusango hachiiti chakaipa kuvanhu. Zvechokwadi, mamwe maitiro anogona kukonzera mukoromycoses yemhuka nevanhu, asi kukosha kwevamiririri vekirasi iyi zvakare kwakakosha. Nokudaro, semuenzaniso, ivo varairi vemishonga inokosha yemishonga - Ramicin. Uyewo, inzvimbo yepamusoro yekuita masimba ekuita kuti zvive nyore kuzvishandisa semitambo yekutanga yevuyo apo paine mamwe marudzi ewaini, cheeses nezvimwe zvakadaro.

Multicellular fungi: basidiomycetes

Iri kirasi rine zviuru zvinopfuura 31500 zviuru zvevamiririri vakasiyana. Pakati pavo pane zvipembenene zvose uye symbionts. Boka rinofadza zvikuru ndiro mushroom dzinodyiwa, dzinonzi caplets. Vamiririri vakadaro veumambo vanopindirana mubatsiro pamwe chete nemidzi yemiti, vachiumba izvo zvinonzi mycorrhizas - kudyidzana kwakasimba kwe hyhae yemafungidzi uye midzi yemiti. Ichokwadi, kwete vamiririri vose vanoita kudaro, asi izvo zvinodyiwa zvinowira pasi peizvi.

Izvozvo zvinoshamisa zvekugadzirwa kwemapungamusi akabatanidzwa anowanikwa muchokwadi chokuti yakawanda, yakakwana, ine dzimwe nhengo dzemuviri, iyo inofananidzwa nayo. Saka, mumwe mumiririri akadaro ane chikamu chepamusoro nepasi pevhu.

Kuonekwa

Iyo yakagadzirwa kunze kwemafungidzi inosanganisira kugadzirwa kwechikwata chemaumbirwo akasiyana-siyana, chibereko chemuti wekusagadzikana kusina kuenzana nekureba uye chikamu chepasi - mycorrhiza, ine mycelium ne hyphae pamwe nemidzi yemiti.

Zvichida vose vakambofamba mumatanda vanogona kuona mahwendefa akasiyana-siyana ehombwa anotarisa kunze kwekuchera kwemavara uye mashizha emasango. Muchena, mutsvuku, machena, machena, machena, maduku uye makuru, anonhuhwirira uye ane nyama, anonaka uye ane utano hwakanaka - idzi zvipenyu zvakanyatsopinda muupenyu hwevanhu uye dzinoita chikamu chekudya kwevakawanda vavo.

Kunze, iwe unogona kuona muviri wega wega, asi zvikamu zvechimiro chefotus fungus chinogona kunzwisiswa chete nekuongorora kwakajeka, kucheka uye microscopy.

Chimiro chemuviri

Penek, cap, mycelium (mycelium) - aya ndiwo masangano makuru evanhu vakadaro. Chimiro chemuviri wechipfuko chakasiyana. Pane kudaro, dzakasiyana muhukuru uye ruvara, pamwe chete nezvimwe zvinhu zvekambani. Mukati, mutso iwoyo, kuti hove iyi yakaoma yewa mushroom hyphae zvakasiyana-siyana.

Saka, gumbo rine mazana emakumi ezviuru zvezvikwata zvakanakisisa, zvakanyatsobatanidzwa mukati megadziriro. Muchikamu chezasi chinonyatsopinda chiri mu mycelium, chakavanzwa pasi pevhu. Kana iwe ukacheka mushroom zvakanyatsonaka, unogona kuona idzi dzakasvibira tsvina dzakasvibirira, dzichibva pasi uye dzichikura dzikava chigutsa.

Muchikamu chepamusoro, pakarepo pasi pebhonet, tsoka yewayo mushonga ine chifukidziro kana yakasara kana ichideredza mune mamwe marudzi. Izvi zvinokubvumira kusiyanisa pakati pemhuka ine chepfu uye inodyiwa, uye kuronga nekugadzirisa.

Musoro wegumbo uri korona ine cap. Munewo munewo chimwe chinhu. Chimiro chekoti mushroom chinoita kuti zvikwanise kusiyanisa maitiro ezvokudya kubva kune chepfu. Saka, hove iri yemhando mbiri:

• Plate - iri parutivi rwomukati rwemahwendefa maduku, umo maanogara uye akakwana spores. Mienzaniso yezvipenyu: freckles, russula, tsvuku.
• Tubular - inoumbwa nemahubhu anoonekwa kune ziso rakashama. Izvo zvivako zvakare zvinokura mbeu kuti dzibereke. Mienzaniso: mafuta, machena mushroom, boletus, chanterelles.

Iyi sarudzo ye cap uye sporangia yakanzi "hymenophore". Kunze, iyo kapu yakafukidzwa nechepete uye yakasvibirira ye peel, uye mukati mayo hyphae. Inongova nemuvara wakasiyana, kubva kune uyo unogona kutonga maitiro eefungus.

Maitiro e mycelium

Mushroom chikamu chinokosha kwazvo, chinoumbwa nemawapi. Chimiro chemuviri ndeche hyphae, sezvatareva kare. Asi iyo mycelium ndiyo imwe sero inoshandiswa yakawanda, isina chero mavara.

Ndiyo mycelium iyo inopinda muchibvumirano nemidzi yemiti uye inoitisa mineral zvinhu uye mvura pamwe chete nemapapiro emakona kusvika kumuti. Mukudzoka, fungus inogamuchira zvinhu zvakasikwa kubva mumiti, izvo zvinoita kuti ive heterotroph nenzira iyo inodyisa.

Chimiro chefungus capped chinoreva kuparadzirwa ne spores. Zvisinei, iyo mycelium iyo inopinda mumamiriro ezvinhu akadai (zvakanaka humidity, kutonhora) zvinogona kuita kuti zvive nezvibereko zvitsva. Nokudaro, mycelium inoshingaira inonzi chironga chekubereka mbeu.

Kurwisana

Izvo zvivako zviduku, izvo muhukuru hwakawanda hupfu hwemavara akasiyana-siyana, ndiyo inokonzera kuenderera kwejeri refungi. Kurara kunze kwe sporangia pabhandi, vanotorwa nemhepo uye vanotakurwa kure. Mhuka dzakawanda dzinodya mushwa hazvigoni kuvhara spores yavo, saka dzinosvibiswa pamwe chete nedzimwe mumhepo. Pano pano hupenyu hwemhando dzehupenyu hunowana mukana wokurarama mumamiriro ekurota uye kukura spores. Chimiro, ukuru uye ruvara rwemasero aya anoratidza huwandu hwemhando dzezvipembenene, huchibatanidza nemumwe kana imwe kirasi.

Mukupedzisa, ndinoda kutaura kuti vamiririri veumambo hwemakhowa zvipenyu zvakakosha zvikuru zvinokanganisa zvipenyu zvose zviri chikamu chezvokudya zvezviyo, zvichikonzera kukanganisa kusingagoneki kune zvinhu zvisikwa, asiwo kutipa isu rinorwisa zvirwere zvakawanda.