Pfungwa yokuti 'biosphere'. nemamiriro biosphere

Nyaya ino otaura kuti pfungwa "biosphere", iye achava kutaura chii nemamiriro biosphere.

Shoko rokuti "biosphere" zvinoreva rinoshandurwa se "zvoupenyu hwavo." Wakatanga chakaunzwa sayenzi yeAustria musayendisiti Eduard Zyuss muna 1875. Bhayorojisiti Zh. B. Lamark Papera akasimbisa kuti zvose zvinhu zvinoumba goko pamusoro pemvura pose raumbwa nokuda basa zvipenyu. The ano kududzirwa pfungwa "biosphere" kunoreva mutsa goko Nyika, iyo pane zvose zvipenyu uye vari akaramba kuwadzana navo zvimedu pafuma nyika. inotungamirwa Its vakatanga vanenge mabhiriyoni 3.8. Makore akapfuura, panguva kuberekwa yokutanga munyika yose zvipenyu. Biosphere, uye ayo mamiriro mumwe okunze ari hierarchical maumbirwo hwezvisikwa. The Zvinoumba mumuhara ichi anopinda yokumusoro chikamu lithosphere, hydrosphere, uye nechepasi rose chidimbu zvomumhepo.

Biosphere mamiriro presupposes:

• Kurarama fuma vanoumba iri zvipenyu kuti agare pasi redu.
• Biogenic zvinhu vanowanika panguva kushanda zvipenyu, unova mugumisiro kubudiswa uye pakusika Utachiona (ratinoona magasi, mafuta, peat, marasha, reraimu, etc.). Sezvo kuberekwa vokutanga zvipenyu havana kurashikirwa kane zviuru kuburikidza dzavo nhengo, masero, ropa, zvinyama zvose mumakungwa, chikamu chikuru zvomumhepo, chinokosha uwandu zvicherwa.
• Inert fuma, yakaumbwa pasina rubatsiro zvipenyu.
• Bioinert fuma kunokonzerwa kubata vasiri chaivo pezvakaitwa uye zvinokosha basa zvipenyu, ari simba zvakanyatsoenzana mumwe uye zvimwe zvivako (yl, ivhu, nemakwati weathering and said.). Anogara aitungamirira nzvimbo muviri.
• A fuma iri mumamiriro kuora radioactive.
• Vakapararira maatomu tichingotarisira kunobva chero fuma yepanyika, somugumisiro yokuwana muchadenga nemwaranzi.
• Zvinhu unearthly, yepasi pose hunhu.

Oga, chinofanira kurondedzerwa zvakadzama ndima yokutanga hakuna chinhu dzakadai nemamiriro biosphere. nyaya mhenyu iri kunzwisisa muviri zvipenyu. uremu Its yakaderera zvichienzaniswa nedzimwe zvinoumba chimiro chete 2.4 - 3,6 X 1012 matani akaoma uremu. Zviri mumwe-millionth chevanhu vakawanda pamusoro biosphere rose, izvo zvinozoita idukusa chimwe-kuzviuru chikamu guru panyika. Pasinei yakadaro diki kurema, zvinokosha chaizvo sezvo geochemical rehondo Earth, nokuti muviri hakurevi chete kutakura ari goko yavo anokosha, asi kuva nezvahunoita kuchinja mufananidzo nyika, izvo inogarwa gogonera chaizvo. Zvishoma kacho, vachiwanikwa munyika dzakadzikira lithosphere uye lithosphere, pane imwe yakawanda urefu, uye kazhinji muivhu, pamusoro pemvura Earth uye okumusoro akaturikidzana ari hydrosphere. MUNDA kuparadzirwa yavo dzinongoita pakutsvaga Latitude.

nemamiriro biosphere, maererano VI Vernadsky, uyo pakutanga akasika dzidziso biosphere, ane nhatu zvinoriumba: aerobiosferu, gidrobiosferu uye geobiosferu.

In aerobiosfere zvipenyu kuti upenyu uhwo huru chinhu ndiyo mhepo unyoro. Water mumate mudenga uye aerosol zvinoriumba, achifumira kubva pasi simba zvinyorwa zvinodiwa kuti upenyu zvigare zviri unyanzvi subsphere. Uyewo, rakakamurwa (conditionally) pamusoro subpodsfery - altobiosferu uye tropobiosferu.

Gidrobiosferu zvose mvura yepasi, izvo inogarwa hwemvura zvinenge. Panguva iyoyowo gidrobiosfera rine marinobiosferu (Oceanic uye zvomumvura mvura) uye akvabiosferu (Continental yakachena mvura).

In geobiosfere geobionty vari anokosha iro Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri svikiro iri maa rakaoma.

Vanhu ane kuwedzera nezvainoita biosphere uye interacts nayo, zvichikonzera kusingarapiki kuchinja ose gore. Pakati izvi anonzi "noosphere". The biosphere uye noosphere vakanga chaizvo kudzidza nevanhu renyanzvi: Vernadsky, Lysenko, Professor Lepeshinsky uye vazhinji nevamwe pfungwa zvikuru Russia uye kunze.