The chikuru mirayiridzo yacho uzivi remakore rechi19 uye kwaita positivism

Kana tikafunga huru mirayiridzo nezvouzivi ano, zviri zvechokwadi ndeimwe hunoshamisa nzvimbo kukura ruzivo ouzivi anobata positivism. Asati atendeuka kuti kuongorora dzidziso kwouzivi vanofanira kuratidza kwakatangira iyo akaumba hwaro muitiro uyu, iyo yaairidza uye kunokosha basa rinokosha pakunzwisisa nyika.

Pakupera kwezana remakore rechi19 rakanyatsojeka kwakapararira irrationalist uzivi, iro rinorondedzerwa so unonyanya chinokonzera acho rokudzidza akapfizuka, nyama, musoro. Basic zvishande pfuma irrationalism akataura nemyslitelnye zvinhu - vachatitaka, manzwiro, kunzwisisa. Kwete mudukusa ndandanda anopa zvishande irrationalists wakasuduruka chavanoziva, usingaonekwi jekeso, iyo Schopenhauer - mumwe dzepamusorosoro vamiririri mirayiridzo iyi - vakazivisa kazhinji chete rine ruzivo.

Pakuzadzisa philosophy, uye kunyanya sciences zvepanyama akaratidza kuitwa pakati safunga nzira, kutadza kwake mubasa rokuvaka zvakakwana nguva nyika nesayenzi. Tinogona kukunda dambudziko iri zivo kwouzivi uye vari mukuru nezvemaitiro uzivi, izvo akaumbwa anenge panguva imwe chete irrationalism. Philosophy upenyu, sedzidziso kwouzivi akanga hapana mubvunzo zvakanaka kukura tichitarisa kufunga vanhu uye nzanga yose uye nesimba. Asiwo ruchitedzemuka kupinda musoro panyaya dzokuwana zvinokonzera izvo kumugombedzera munhu chiito. Vamiririri masayendisiti anodavira kuti upenyu -, a runobva rukova kuti isina chinangwa kwokugamuchirwa, uye, naizvozvo kutaura chero mitemo cognition, sechikamu upenyu pachahwo, zvinoita hapana njere.

HERMENEUTICS akaita mupiro wakakura kuti kukura nzira yesayenzi, kunyanya zvine chokuita dzokudzidzisa nokudzidza magwaro uye dzavo kwazvo. Asi pano, isu akawana pokudzora safunga - ruzivo chero rinokosha anounzwa senzira yokuziva ariko ayo pasi-muturikiri. In shoko, muturikiri anodudzira nhoroondo uye chokwadi pamusana kunzwisisa chavo pachavo.

pfungwa dzinokosha vanoguma 19 - kutanga remakore rechi20 existentialism uye subjectivity, psychoanalysis zvishande bhora chete yakapfuura ari kunze munhu munhu, mukufamba iyo vangasarudza pacharo, kana mune mamwe nenzira yakadaro.

A chinokosha budiriro kugadzirisa zvinetso kwouzivi dambudziko ndiye chidzoke uye kukura mirawu positivism. The kutanga nzvimbo muviri ndiwo mutsara pamusoro fallacy kuvimba nenhungamiro mukuru dzesayenzi zivo, sezvo pfungwa kwokutanga huru zvataurwa uzivi. Positivism inotaura chokwadi - sezvo chete kwechokwadi ruzivo, apo chaiyo zvinhu kuti chokwadi ichi vanofanira yakagadzira zvakakwana nokukosha zvinorema uye anotsigirwa nevanhu experimental nzira (ongororo nzira).

The muvambi positivist nezvemaitiro uzivi kunoonekwa sechinhu weduramanzwi French Ogyust Kont, uyo akapinda nhoroondo pfungwa yesayenzi sezvo muvambi wemagariro evanhu ari nesayenzi ari chaiwo pfungwa tsika. Panguva ivepo, positivism aenda kuburikidza mikuru mana nzendo kukura. Ichi - mumwe chinosiyanisa zviri positivism, kana zvimwe chikuru zvataurwa uzivi ano kana haaizorarama pasi chimvuramabwe norupi, uye, chaizvoizvo, ikava disproved dzidziso, positivism akawana pfuma uye nzira itsva methodological acharuramisira zvinhu zvarinotaura. Somuenzaniso, apo zimbabwe shanduro mangwanani positivism vave nechokwadi chokuita kukurumidza kukura sayenzi zvepanyama, vakanga vakanaka kukurumidza achitsoropodza reinterpreted ne Mach uye Avenarius. Machism aiva nhoroondo chimiro chechipiri positivism, izvo pakutanga pane kutsoropodza ruzivo. Ndokusaka ichi muitiro ane rimwe zita - Empiric. Uyezve pane atova rinoumbwa positivist uzivi chiNazi uye postpositivism, vakakurumbira vamiririri zvakanga Carnap, B. Russell, Popper, kwakasimbiswa zvachose yepakutanga methodological kudzidza zvishande muitiro.

Somuenzaniso, kuti chiNazi vaidavira kuti inokosha muuzivi mirayiridzo akaronga zvikurukuru nokuda inonzwisisika kuongorora nzira sayenzi inova huru nzira kuwana mashoko akavimbika. Postpositivists akatoenderera mberi, nyaya yavo kufarira vaiva penyaya kwaita yokungotaura ruzivo, dambudziko zvokuudzwa uye zvamunofanoziva. Postpositivism zvikuru vakavimbika uzivi uye ayo basa cognition.

Chinonyanya kukosha budiriro postpositivism - kururamiswa kuti kushaya fanira kutonhodza kuidza rakavimbika mikana masayendisiti chokwadi. It anotevera kubva mhedziso inokosha iyi nezvokuva kukura nesayenzi yemazuva - zviri kukura nemateru nezvisingafadzi, asi mukuru mirayiridzo chinotungamirwa kurutivi kuvandudzika zivo yesayenzi.