Reversible uye kusingarapiki kwendangariro. Thermodynamically reversible uye kusingarapiki pezvakaitwa

Reversible uye kusingarapiki muitiro - Fani iyi chiito kuitika imwe nharaunda, izvo kare vakadzidza nenyanzvi dzakawanda uye nyanzvi, uye kunyange mune dzimwe dzidziso chinokosha.

Shoko rokuti "musika hunhu"

The chikuru chezvinonhuwira-siyana kuzvidzora rakarongeka hurongwa, ari irreversibility mabasa, izvo kunooneka pacharo Nemusi kukura gadziriro yavo chaiyo kukoshesa. Zviito izvi vari rakakamurwa reversible uye kusingarapiki kwendangariro. Kana zvichiitika nokuda sitiroko yokutanga Danho rinotevera, ipapo chiito ichi anonzi kusingarapiki. Muenzaniso chiito chakadaro anoshanda okuzvifunga sangano - ". Hunhu mumusika" chiito okukura hwenyika, yakavakirwa nenhungamiro

Ubatanidzwe pamusika uyu umire tinofanira kugara hunhu, izvo invents achangobuda nzira chiito, nzira sangano, hunokodzera kuenzana hurongwa. Chimwe chikuru zvivako zviri mumusika anogona ave kukwanisa kuumba inofambiswa denderedzwa kuti inorondedzera zvaidiwa kumusika nekuenzana. Kubva zvoupfumi nemaonero, pfungwa mumusika - iri haasaruri chaizvo chokwadi "musika hunhu", izvo, ukuwo, ndezvomuzvarirwo nzira kuenzanisa zvakasiyana siyana evanhu sangano.

Market dzinoratidzwa emuchina siyana, anomuka munzvimbo kuzvidzora akaumba hurongwa. Inogona kunzi nokugadzirwa kwakaitwa vanhu.

Kupatsanura simba chiito

Dynamic zviito akakamurwa 2 mhando: shanduka uye undulating. Wekutanga ndiwo zviito isingagoni kudzokororwa, wechipiri, zviito azvaitwa, yokudzokorora.. sainzi dzakawanda zvikuru, kusanganisira kemisitiri uye wefizikisi, reversible uye kusingarapiki pezvakaitwa dzinoiswa nechemberi.

Shanduka kana kusingarapiki zviito kushumira avo kuchinja kunyange kusavapo exposures siyana kuitike munyika sequential negwara. Somuenzaniso, kugara katsika kuwedzera yevagari, zvachose pakuburitswa kukura uye zvichingodaro. D.

Vamwe reversible uye kusingarapiki pezvakaitwa simba uye thermodynamic, zviito anechekuita zvachose tichienzanisa akakurumbira ideographic uye nomogrammic pfungwa maonero, zvingaita sezvinoshamisa.

Vose vari yokuronga patsva mukuru dzidziso ndege uye zvachose chokuita ideography. The ideographic nemaonero hazvibviri kuti asimbise chero mapatani. Nokudaro, muna shanduka chiito chakadaro chinokosha aripo. Ichi chiito repeatability chete kana ine vamwe dzidziso, haagoni kubata maviri kana kupfuura zviyero vari chete mamiriro, kana riri pamusoro chete chechetere.

Zvisinei, izvi hazvirevi kuti hazvibviri kuwana nzira kuti zvinoenderanawo kufamba kubva chikamu chimwe chinotevera. The akakurumbira Pfungwa zvichiitika pasi 1, 2, 4, 8, ..., 2n. Asi izvi hazvirevi kuti chokwadi ichi pachazvo hazvigoni wakadzokororwa chaiyo nenzvimbo nguva, uye hazvizoitiki zvakare, pamwe nomographic maonero, pane imwe nguva uye mune imwe nzvimbo, apo pane reversible uye kusingarapiki kwendangariro. Entropy ari kuita mumuviri chafariz muitiro - muenzaniso wakajeka.

undulating pezvakaitwa

Undulating (reversible, repeatable) chiito - Ndiwo maitiro kuchinja pane ino nguva tine nhungamiro yakananga uye ose nguva kuzvishandura. Kana reversible, ari nguva ino, imwe mamiriro, uye pashure penguva yakati kuchinja zvinogona pakupedzisira kudzokera ayo hwepakutanga. Somuenzaniso, rakaramba anochinja pamusika mitengo, nhamba vasingashandi, mubereko pamusoro guru, uye vamwe. Chokwadi, izvi kwoupfumi zvinhu zvoupenyu kungachinja kwakasiyana-siyana. Uchifunga mashoko sezvo chinoramba kuchinja, kufamba oscillations ane mashoko inogona kumiririrwa munguva pachake ane ichitenderera mutsetse ane dzidziso panguva dzakasiyana pfungwa zvichava zvakasiyana. On munyonga ichi inogona nyore kuona kuti, wakabva pfungwa panguva iyoyo yakakwirira, kwapera nguva runogona pfungwa, iri chete chechetere. Zvisinei, hazvisi chete, uye mumwe pfungwa, yakamira chete nokukwirira sezvo chepakutanga. Hapana mubvunzo uchasangana yakasiyana zvachose nguva uye yakasiyana nemamiriro mukuru zvoupfumi ezvinhu kudiwa, wedzerai, kugadzira, kuparadzirwa, uye zvichingodaro. To rechipiri pfungwa rakanyatsojeka rakaenderana wokutanga, zvakafanira kuti zviito zvose nokufamba hupfumi chokwadi ndechokuti reversible, saka pakanga pasina mukana kuenda mberi kana shure kwavari hazvina muboka kushanda nguva. Chokwadi, hapana mubvunzo kuti kwakadaro reversibility hupfumi wakakwana ari ipapo, pane chete chete anozivikanwa kusingarapiki chiito.

Zviito zvose zviri interconnected, saka mumwe kosi zvinofanira yokukurukura nevamwe, kusanganisira kusingarapiki, sezvo zvose nguva iyi kana kuti panyaya Achawedzera kuva yakachena akagadzirwa ezvinhu. Zvakafanira kubvuma kuti zvose kufamba hupfumi kuvapo kusingarapiki. Muchiitiko chino, zvakanga zvakakodzerawo kuziva kuti chimwe chinhu kusingarapiki uye zvose zvakasikwa nokufamba. Saka apa mashoko anotigonesa kuti kuramba pfungwa kwakakwana reversibility. On izvi chete nzira yakavakirwa reversible uye kusingarapiki namakemikari pezvakaitwa, uyewo zviito zvichiitika wefizikisi.

Haugoni nharo kuti, chokwadi, avo uye zvimwe zviito kutora nzvimbo tisingatungamirirwi uye vachiravana. Unogona kuziva chete musiyano pakati pavo maererano nenheyo uye kusimbisa musiyano pakuvaka zvedzidzo tsvakurudzo. Kusimbisa pfungwa iyi, zvakakodzera kutaura chokwadi, asi pazera reversible mune zvoupfumi kuvapo. Zvinogona akagumisa kuti mupfungwa, tinofanira kufunga pamusoro reversible kuchinja zvinoumba upenyu zvoupfumi.

Pfungwa reversible uye kusingarapiki nechiito, uyewo pfungwa statics uye nesimba, ndezvaJehovha dzinongoitika nesayenzi mu yakamanikana pfungwa shoko. Reversible uye kusingarapiki urongwa muna Physics, mienzaniso zviri chaizvo siyana, zvesayenzi ichi zvinokosha. Izvi zvinoshandawo kemisitiri.

Nokuda zvoupfumi zvinoriumba

Reversible uye kusingarapiki pezvakaitwa chokuita upfumi. Pane maonero pamusoro Kururama kuchinjwa pfungwa idzi zvoupfumi. Uye pane maonero kuti chete Kutamiswa mashoko uye pfungwa.

Kuchinjwa pfungwa chirango mumwe pamutemo kana rakarurama zvibereko, naizvozvo, nzira yokugadzirisa dambudziko iri vasipo. Facts akadaro kutamira anotora nzvimbo. Kunyanya yakawanda pacho, kuchinjwa pfungwa kubva zvoupenyu evanhu kuvapo uye evanhu ari zvoupenyu sayenzi zvakasikwa. Saka, vamwe pfungwa nemashoko - simba, mitemo, tsika, nheyo upfumi - kwave nesayenzi zvibereko. Naizvozvo hatigoni kushora Mvumo yavo. Panguva Mill ari upfumi vaifanira kukwereta pfungwa simba uye kunofambira mberi, asi mubvunzo unomuka: "Nei zvingava hazviiti kuwedzera kuwanda kushandisa pfungwa reversible uye kusingarapiki chiito"

Pakusarudza kuunganidza vamwe sayenzi riri anenge nguva dzose pamwe Nokuwedzera dzavo kana kunyatsotsanangura, uyewo kuchinja zvikuru. Panyaya iyi, wakaita tsanangudzo uye pfungwa maonero, kuwedzera navo, asi panguva imwe chete kwete nokunyima zvayo zvinoreva.

Sezvinotsanangurwa pamusoro, hazvibviri kutaura pamusoro reversible zvizere zvakasikwa uye zvoupfumi kuvapo. Iyi inyaya chete nekaupenyu reversible. Reversible kosi yakachena chimiro, muna kwakajairika mupfungwa, kushanda apa chete kuti mukuru kana mudiki pamwero rakada. Pfungwa iri iyo vimba kuti reversible uye kusingarapiki urongwa, zvishwe, zvakabatanidzwa pamusoro mukana mufananidzo kana unachievable pakutangazve vaimbova zvinhu ehurumende uye miviri kana avo hurongwa. All musiyano zvose dzacho sezvinotevera. Reversible uye kusingarapiki pezvakaitwa zviri kemisitiri uye wefizikisi vane kuita pamwe achishandisa imwe nyaya iri nyaya, pakuti hapana upfumi. Pavanotaura kuti zvakavamba kuchinja famba ari reversible chiito, muchiitiko ichi tiri kutaura zvakafanana mune chinangwa zvinoreva zvakavamba kuchinja, asi izvozvo handizvo zvachose. No kuenzana kwakadaro mune upfumi.

The chinyorwa pamusoro "reversible uye kusingarapiki muitiro" iri upfumi anofanira kuonekwa sechinhu poga pamusoro vakawanda pfungwa.

kujairira

Patinotarira pane zvoupfumi chokwadi mumusika capitalist muvanhu uye yenhengo dzayo, tine dzinongoitika mubvunzo unomuka: Ndoupi zviito izvi kuchinja imwe. vanowanzomuitira? Zvinenge zvose upfumi okunze, akatorwa zvose pachedu uye seboka, inozviisa quantitative uye Qualitative kuchinja. Asi apo vamwe okunze, dzakadai sangano hwenyika, unyanzvi hwokugadzira zvinhu, kugadzira, kudiwa, etc .., Qualitative kuchinja vachava sechinhu chinokosha sezvo huwandu, vamwe zvinhu, zvakadai mutengo, dhisikaundi zvazvingava, rendi, uye zvichingodaro. g., kukosha yaizova quantitative kuchinja. The ukoshi pano ndirwo runonyanya kuchinja zvikuru chete kana kuchinja hunhu rwevanodzvinyirira zvinhu izvi, semuenzaniso, kana mutengo vakasununguka kana inofambidzana yakasimbiswa pamusoro musika - chindingindingi.

Zvadaro kugadzirisa ukama zvoupfumi zvinoriumba, ivo uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa. uye reversible uye kusingarapiki urongwa, dzakaita raundi muitiro kutenderera, zvinokosha kuyeuka zvinotevera. Kuendeswa yose hupfumi chaichoicho rudzi vakawanda yorwizi uye kuramba quantitative uye Qualitative kuchinja.

Pezvakaitwa ari upfumi

The RUBATSIRO RUNOTARISA maonero mberi hupfumi inotungamirwa sokuti kusingarapiki inobva chokwadi kuti rine chero zvinoriumba kuti kurondedzera munyonga ari kusingarapiki aibuda kuchinja, nokuti chikonzero ichi anobvumirwa nharo kuti nzira kukura National upfumi, unoyerera munguva, hapana zvakawanda kupfuura kamwe chete Danho.

Yose zvayo, upfumi sokuti pave ane kusingarapiki kuti chiito chimwe Danho kune mumwe. Naizvozvo dambudziko iri upfumi change - kuchikonzerwa dambudziko okukura ayo nzendo. Saka, kufamba National upfumi anoonekwa kuti kusingarapiki, zvinoreva kuti hapana zororo uye hapana kudzoka zvinosiyana vadyi National mamiriro ezvoupfumi kuti kufambira mberi kuchinja uye ose chete chezvinonhuwira reNational upfumi. In Mhedziso Mupfungwa, kana National upfumi chinhu vakaongorora kuti maererano zvose upfumi nzira dzose zvakaoma, haagoni pachena reversibility.

Mumwe anogona kuona zviri nyore uye kunzwisisa kuti nyore zviito configurations zvoupfumi bhora akasiyana chaizvo, uye zvakakodzera kuti vagovere chinobatanidza mapoka anopfuura zvishoma. Analytically kuonekwa nomumwe, nezvekutanga hazvigoni kutsunga chete nenhamba aigona kusingarapiki kuchinja. A guru muviri zvoupfumi zvinoriumba, zvikurukuru kukosha, zvakadai mubayiro, chinokosha mitengo, uye zvakasikwa, zvakadai nhamba bankruptcies, kushayikwa kwemabasa zvazvingava, anoratidza reversible configurations.

Delimitation urongwa

Reversible uye kusingarapiki urongwa, mienzaniso izvo nyore kuwana ari upfumi yakasananiswa. Configuration zvinhu dzakadai kutambudzwa kugadzirwa, nhamba yevanhu, padanho kudiwa, zvigadzirwa, kukura turnover, reserves guru, uye zvichingodaro. E., panofanira anoverengeka zvinoriumba kuti vane kunzwisisa maumbirwo. Chimwe chazvo - ndiko kukura hwadzo, imwe - kukura unodiwa. Uchifunga zvinowanikwa ndeechokwadi zvinhu, chokwadi, zvinogona kucherechedzwa kuti zvinodiwa vagari uye zvinowedzera paumbwe zvavo achipfeka ane kusingarapiki sangano chingamisa chete pasi pokudzora simba majeure. Ukuwo, kukura mwero iri kunzvenganzvenga uye zvakajeka ndiyo reversible chiito.

Kusiyana dzinongoitika Kuchinja akazvimirira zvinoumba upenyu hupfumi huri pachena uye zvazvisingarambiki, uye panguva imwecheteyo, chete kufungisisa mhando nevakurukuri unokwanisa kuona upenyu zvemari. Kuvapo yenhengo izvo inozviisa ane kusingarapiki kuitika, anotsanangura zvikonzero kusiyana national upfumi inofamba uye anopa tepi dzamarudzi kukura. Uyewo, pokugadzwa zvinhu uye zvinoriumba pasi reversible kuchinja chinozunguzirwa kufanana, anopa mukana kunzwisisa famba, inova pasi rudzi-pose upfumi hwose uye ayo kukura mabasa. Neimwe muchimiro National zvoupfumi kushanda vaingobvuma vakabatana. Zvisinei, kuramba Kusiyanisa pakati chepuraimari chiito kupatsanura uye kuchinja zvakamisa hurongwa yakafanira connection yavo zviito izvi kwaizoreva ukuwo, uye kusiyiwa vamwe tsvakurudzo chaichoicho. Said inosimbisa thermodynamically reversible uye kusingarapiki pezvakaitwa zvinoitika zvakasikwa.

Specificity okukura nehurongwa

Chinokosha chero hurongwa anonzi kusingarapiki, izvo kunooneka pacharo mune imwe akananga kwayo chinja. kuchinja izvi inotaura ezvinhu nguva nhengo dzidziso. Masvomhu zvinogona kushandiswa kuratidza chiito kuitika ino nguva nguva, uye mune ramangwana, uye munguva yakapfuura.

D. S. Mill akagadzira pfungwa yacho kunofambira mberi uye simba zviito zvakajeka. Zvakange inobva zvawamaka uye reversible uye kusingarapiki pezvakaitwa cyclic muitiro. Yokusiyana uye irreversibility ndiyo chete maturo configuration mirayiridzo chiito panguva imwe nguva, izvo kwese kuti reversible chiito.

Zvakaoma kuona zvoupfumi chokwadi mauto kurerutsa nayo, akaidza kure ruzhinji Links ayo uye zvinhu. Sokuona ichi, mumwe zvoupfumi pfungwa inopa kuratidzwa kuMudzidzisi chikamu upfumi chokwadi chete nekaupenyu vakatendeka.

Sezvo zvitsigiro kuongorora zvoupfumi anosungwa kutorwa ari wose hurongwa inotungamirwa mabasa zvemari vomunharaunda. Asi integrative vakawanda dzidziso inogona kuvakwa chete maererano nokudzidza yoga kongiri nhoroondo siyana sangano zvoupfumi basa.

zvakanyatsoenzana hurongwa

Reversible uye kusingarapiki pezvakaitwa kubva upfumi nemaonero runoonekwa masayendisiti akawanda. Hayek akakudziridza pfungwa yokuti pakuenzanisa pamusoro mumusika ipfupi kune yakawiriranwa kwadzakabva pachavo zvirongwa uye rakatangwa ne mhando, chero achiteverwa sayenzi dzinongoitika akatanga narekat "kunaka dzinovaka."

Tsanangudzo akaipa inofambiswa kureva zvakaoma zvoupfumi mabasa, izvo N. Kondratyev anodana reversible. Kuzungunuka ari upfumi, kusanganisira nguva nenguva kuchinja ukoshi ichi, kufarira, mubayiro, muri yokudzokorora. kwemakore. Nokufamba vari rakakamurwa refu, svikiro uye pfupi izwi.

Nheyo kunaka inofambiswa chete chinoratidza sei akatsigira zvisingatarisirwi dzinowanika munyika muoti, asi hazvigoni kuona magadzirirwo mavambo kugadzikana, uyewo kuchinja kubva padanho kukura kune mumwe. For zvinangwa izvi zvakakodzera kuedza kuti nheyo nyaya dzinovaka. Advance kuchinja kubudiswa munyika vari yakakura uye akaunganidza. Hazvinei iyo dzidziso iri pachena kuti chisingatarisirwi zvarakasiya kubva nechiyero, asi kana ari munhu yainge ezvinhu, nokuda kubata pamwe zvakatipoteredza, izvi kuzunungusa zvinowedzerwa uye pakupedzisira kutungamirira kuti dispersal wekupedzisira kurongeka uye namano. Ukuwo, somugumisiro nesungano pakati zvakamisa hurongwa hwakare anouya kumeso mufambiro, saka kuti hurongwa anowana vagari chiito uye akaumba itsva kuitira uye ukama yakachena.

The chidzoke munhu yakatarwa nezviito, uyewo paumbwe uye mberi zvivako zvitsva, nokuda chokwadi netsaona, chii nguva kutungamirira fragility wegadziriro.

Market - pachena hurongwa, umo nguva dzose kusakarongeka pakati vatengi uye vatengi, vatengesi uye vaburitsi. The musika ndiye zvose chero uye vaingoerekana kurongeka. Saka, kana kutenga uye kutengeswa mishonga munhu wose ari sezvingatarisirwa kutungamirirwa wokutanga anobatsira uye zvakakodzera, asi kwete kukosha kwavo. The nezviito musika ukama mativi maviri kusvika zvakajairika goho, vakazochinja kunotungamirira kuti chisingatarisirwi kuti, izvo kunooneka pacharo nechiyero pakati pomugove uye kudiwa.

okugadziridza ikabatwa

Saka, zvose zviri vaizviona sangano iri kufamba vane zvakananga pfungwa, kuti zvechokwadi vavo zvinhu zvinokosha, kusanganisira kumusika zvoupfumi mupfungwa. Chokutanga akadzidza nyaya idzi Kondratiev D., uyo akapa tsanangudzo reversible uye kusingarapiki matanho ari upfumi. Zvinokurudzirwa kuramba kudzidza zviito izvi, kusanganisira reversible uye kusingarapiki pezvakaitwa zvakasikwa. In Chemistry uye Physics mirayiridzo iyi, sezvo kare ambotaurwa, runoonekwa dzinokosha Nokufunga Somuenzaniso, zviito akadai chafariz kwendangariro. Reversible kana chiito chiri kusingarapiki uye kwemasayendisiti kuitika mune imwe nharaunda upenyu, riri kuonekwa chinokosha chaunofanira kuziva.