Sechivako maatomu musimboti: nhoroondo uye Magadzirirwo ano

Sechivako maatomu musimboti ndechimwe chinokosha matambudziko nesayenzi yemazuva ano. Akaramba kugadzirwa mumunda kuedza kwakaita masayendisiti ava kwete chete anokudzwa zvakarurama kusarudza chii chinoumba atomu, asiwo vanoshingaira kushandisa ruzivo urwu mumaindasitiri siyana uye pakusika itsva yokutevedzera zvombo.

Mubvunzo sechivako zvose zviri masayendisiti vanofarira nyika kubva panguva yakare. Somuenzaniso, muGirisi yekare Mamwe masayendisiti anodavira kuti racho maumbirwo nyaya ndiyo imwe uye indivisible, uye vavengi vavo akaomerera kuti nyaya iri divisible uye riine tudukuduku nezvimedu - maatomu, uye saka zvivako nyaya dzakasiyana zvakasiyana mumwe.

Budiriro iri kudzidza ezvinhu mamiriro kwakaitika XVIII remakore, kana mabasa MV University, Lavoisier, D. Dalton, A. Avogadro nheyo dzakaiswa mabhomba samolecular dzidziso, maererano izvo zvose vokuitirwa ine mamorekuru, uye avo uyewo pamusoro indivisible nezvimedu - maatomu, ane kudyidzana pamwe nemumwe uye anosarudza dzinokosha ehupfumi-siyana zvinhu.

Chikuva idzva iri kudzidza maumbirwo mamorekuru uye maatomu vauye panguva pamugumo XIX remakore, apo E. Rutherford nevamwe masayendisiti akawanda vakaita zvakawanikwa iyo kwakaguma nemamiriro atomu uye mabhomba musimboti anooneka chiedza itsva. Saka vakawana kuti atomu haisi indivisible PARTICIPLE, pamusoro Zvakatosimbisa rinoumbwa kunyange maduku zvinoti - chinoumba uye maerekitironi, izvo kufamba famba nawo convoluted kutenderera. Total kwazvakarerekera atomu kwakatungamirira pakugumisa kuti maerekitironi kuva akaipa nokuchengeta, nezvekutanga vanofanira kuva pakati nepakati dzakanaka mutariri. Somugumisiro, zvinhu izvi iriko; ivo inonzi ɑ-inoramba, kana protons.

ruzivo rwesayenzi Modern anoratidza kuti nemamiriro maatomu musimboti zvakawanda kwakatooma kupfuura wakaonekwa kunyange zana apfuura. Saka, nhasi inozivikanwa kuti musimboti ane atomu harisi chete protons, asi zvacho vasina mhosva - neutrons. Pamwe, protons uye neutrons dzinonzi nucleons. Sezvo ari Nyuturoni gobvu 0,14 chete% kupfuura vazhinji Purotoni, ipapo yemanyorero dzemaitirwe kuti musiyano uyu kuregeredzwa.

Kukura musimboti uri mukati 10-12 uye 10-13 cm. Saka, pasinei nokuti kuti kusimbiswa chinoumba vanopfuura 95% mabhomba kurema atomu hukuru nomumwe zviuru zana ukuru musimboti.

Major Unhu quantitative izvo zvaizobatsira maumbirwo mabhomba neerekitironi zvinogona zvikaramba kubva periodic table Di Mendeleev. Sezvo chikazozikamwa, nhamba protons ari musimboti akaenzana uwandu orbiting maerekitironi uye anoenderana nenhamba zvinhu zviri patafura. Kuti vazive nhamba neutrons kunodikanwa nokuti zvachose guru pamusoro chinhu kuti bvisa nhamba uye vakagumisa kuti padyo rose nhamba. Zvinhu kuti mune nhamba protons uye uwandu neutrons akasiyana dzinonzi isotopes.

Chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha mibvunzo inobvunzwa nemasayendisiti kudzidza maumbirwo musimboti, paiva mubvunzo pamusoro masimba vanobatisisa protons, nekuti ndine basa chete, vanofanira kutyiswa. Ongororo dzakaratidza kuti kure pakati protons ari musimboti iduku zvokuti hazviwirirani simuka kuvenga pakati pavo. Uyezve, bions ayo akanaka pakati protons pedyo nekuita pave kukwezvana chenguva apfuura mumwe.

Sechivako maatomu musimboti ichiri anovanza zvakavanzika zhinji. Vane kiyi kwete chete kubatsira vanhu kunzwisisa zvirinani mudziyo wenyika, asi kuita Qualitative achikwakuka mune zvesainzi.