Nemamiriro atomu

Masayendisiti vanofarira mabhomba Structure refu asati ayo rakaratidzwa nekusimba nesayenzi. Kunyange muzviuru zvemakore zvakapfuura, Democritus, muzivi wechiGiriki uye somuzivi, akataura kuti chero fuma ine duku inoramba. Uye ndiye wokutanga akashandisa shoko "atomu". Pashure porufu rwake, paiva neboka Vazivi vechiGiriki, vane nhengo akaedza kuva nemaonero ake. Vakadaidzwa atomists. maonero zvose izvi zviri wakaradzikwa Roman Lucretius mubasa rake yakakurumbira "On hunhu zvinhu." Zvisinei, munguva ichangopfuura nguva kusvikira pakutanga Renaissance, akanga hunodzorwa maonero mumwe somuzivi wechiGiriki Aristotle, uyo categorically akaramba nezvokuvapo maatomu.

Wokutanga uyo akaita yokuedza ndiponesezve dzidziso Democritus, Boyle aiva wokuEngland uyo akapikisa dzidziso yake "inoramba indivisible". Akanga chakadzokororwa Newton. Zvisinei, dzesayenzi uchapupu dzidziso Dalton, mudzidzisi wemasvomhu. Tichiita kuedza pamwe magasi, zvinonzi kuzivikanwa kuti nhamba yevaya tudonhwe sehydrogen okisijeni, izvo muchirongwa makemikari maitiro, nguva dzose unoenderana imwe zvinoenderana. Ekupedzisira yemanyorero anomiririra nhamba diki nhamba. Izvi zvakaita kuti Chirungu mudzidzisi wemasvomhu kuzoumba mutemo wake "ukama akawanda", uye gare gare - uye mutemo "ukama mberi", pana iyo, umwe neumwe makemikari remubatanidzwa uremu nhamba yokutanga zvinhu ndiyo nguva dzose zvakafanana. zvidzidzo ake akaramba Bertselliusom uye Avogadro.

Chokwadi chokuti nemamiriro atomu riri nani yakaoma, rakachengetedzwa vaudzewo ne yefizikisi adarika. Mupiro kuwanikwa chikuru chakaitwa: Thomson akaratidza kuvapo cathode mwaranzi, Skłodowska-Curie nomurume Per Kyuri, akazarura chaiwo radioactivity zviri zvinhu Rezeford, uyo akati kuvapo pakati atomu chokwadi mhosva neerekitironi mukana chakagadzirwa transmutation mumwe chinhu chimwe, Chadwick, kuziva kuvapo kwazvakarerekera zvinhu kana neutrons. The nemamiriro atomu rokutanga zvakakomba akatanga kudzidza Thompson, uyo akawana Erekitironi muna 1897. Akakwanisa kuratidza kuvapo kunyanya nemaziso miviri ive. Nokuda kwayo basa sechivako atomu rakanga zvakajeka zvikuru. Akawana kuti PARTICIPLE inomiririrwa idenderedzwa kuparadzirwa yakanaka mhosva, nemichina zvachose kunaka. Nokuti ichi chikonzero atomu ndiyo electrically kwazvakarerekera.

In dzakatevedzana zvidzidzo achiitiswa izvi nezvimwewo nevaongorori, kwakaonekwa kuti atomu haisi homogeneous muviri, uye rinoumbwa nezvimedu zvakadai neutrons, protons uye maerekitironi.

Purotoni neerekitironi maatomu zvakawanda uye maerekitironi zvayo goko, uyezve, nhamba protons unoenderana nhamba chinhu periodic table. Nemhomho Purotoni uye Nyuturoni zviri zvakafanana. zvinhu izvi izvo zvichachengetwawo ari musimboti ane atomu nokuda chaiyo nemauto, zvinonziwo zvenyukireya; Mauto ava simba kwazvo, asi kuita pamusoro ultrashort madaro, mauto akawanda inopfuura PARTICIPLE kuvenga. Kurema maerekitironi riri kunyora nezvavo. Zvinenge mukanyiwa yose atomu iri kwayo neerekitironi, sechivako musimboti ane atomu rine neutrons uye protons. The ehupfumi kwechikamu ichi kunoyerwa zvayo zvinokosha ataurwa pamusoro zvinoriumba. Pakati maatomu zvinowanikwa vanonzi isotonic. nezvimedu ava zvakafanana fuma vane zvinhu zvakasiyana kubva chokwadi kuti uwandu neutrons anogona siyana. Zvisinei, nhamba protons dzavo, iri nguva dzose chete. Somuenzaniso, sechivako kabhoni maatomu Kazhinji achipfeka pamberi paro nhanhatu chokwadi mhosva nezvimedu uye kusatsigira nhanhatu - chete 12, i.e. Yaunoti kabhoni guru nhamba anowanzodanwa - 12. Zvisinei, pane kuti isotopes ari chinhu umo nhamba protons unoenderana stably 6 uye uwandu neutrons anogona siyana.

atomu goko iri nani yakaoma hurongwa. Inoitwa zvakasiyana subshells nedzimwe simba yomuropa, izvo zvinozoita vari rakakamurwa Sub-siyana uye Sub-siyana - pamusoro orbital. Recent yakasiyana chimiro uye uduku.