Rutoto nzira

Hwaro kubudirira chero maberekero - majini kusiyana zvokunyama uye kusarudzwa nzira. Kushandiswa vakadaro mbishi zvinhu kunoita kuti vawane VaNefirimu itsva uye dzakasiyana-siyana, siyana maitiro uye zvivako. Panobva kusarudzwa akateya yakakurumbira masayendisiti zvenyika;

- Mendel (akateya nheyo genetics, vakaona nheyo discreteness);

- Darwin (nheyo dzidziso mavambo, akapedza yakawanda kwakaita kuyambuka);

- T. Fairchild (muna 1717 vakagamuchira yokutanga chakagadzirwa VaNefirimu clove);

- I. Gerasimov (akazarura kushandura uwandu cores uye enhaka kuchinja chokuita mutation);

- M. F. Ivanov (akatanga nemagene nenheyo maberekero mhuka) ;

- N. K. Koltsov (kuumba hwaro samolecular genetics).

- ARMENIA Vavilov (vawana mutemo homologous series);

- I. V. Michurin (vakauya VaNefirimu zhinji muchero).

The inokosha nzira maberekero nemhuka vave yakatanga pachishandiswa zvose zvapfuura matongo uye akavandudzika kubvira. Breeders mubasa ravo vachishandisa nzira dzakasiyana siyana kusarudzwa: inbreeding, chakagadzirwa mutagenesis, polyploidy, hybridization. Zvinotevera inonyanyoshandiswa kushandiswa nzira ruminant itsva chirimwa uye mhuka marudzi.

The chikuru nzira chirimwa maberekero: hybridization uye vakasarudzwa. Cross-mukume zvirimwa selektsioniruyut ne vakawanda vakasarudzwa iwayo vanhu kuti vane zvinodiwa ehupfumi. Nokuti chinonyanya wakachena mitsetse, kureva, majini homogeneity emarudzi, kushandisa munhu selection, umo kuzvidzora pollination zvinoitwa kuwana vana chaivo kana mumwe chete, ine zvose zvakanakisisa zvinhu. Zvakaipira nzira iyi kuti panguva iyoyo kakawanda kuchengetwa yaivhuvhuta kuratidzwa pamusoro recessive majini. Chikuru Chikonzero ichi ndiko kuenda vakawanda majini ari homozygous mamiriro. Nokufamba kwenguva, kuunganidza recessive mutant majini, vakapfuura vari homozygous mamiriro, anogona kukonzera kwakaomarara nhaka kuchinja. In dzinongoitika ezvinhu, vaizviita mukume zvirimwa vari recessive majini Kutamiswa kuva mamiriro homozygotes uye chirimwa nokukurumidza anofa.

Kana nzira yokuzviratidza pollination rinowanzoshandiswa kwakaderedza goho. Kuti uvandudze kwayo mufambiro muchinjikwa pollination yokuzvidzora pollinating zvirimwa zvakasiyana uye mitsetse marefu-kuzvirereka VaNefirimu. kusarudzwa nzira dzakadaro dzinonzi Interlinear hybridization. Rine chepamusorosoro goho rokutanga chizvarwa VaNefirimu. Muchiitiko chino, pane rinozivikanwa mugumisiro heterosis, maererano izvo simba VaNefirimu yaunganidzwa kuyambutswa 'wakachena' mitsetse. Ivo husingakwanisi nemigumisiro, nekuti Kwakabvisa zvinokonzerwa recessive majini, uye mubatanidzwa vakasimba hukuru majini mubereki miti runogonesa migumisiro.

Kazhinji, kusarudzwa miti yakasiyana vaishandisa experimental polyploidy. Saka vakawana zvinomera vane guru saizi, kupa gohwo rakanaka uye nokusimuka nokukurumidza. Chakagadzirwa polyploids vakawana pasi pokudzora makemikoro kuti deplete panoparadzana chokurukisa. Somugumisiro, mbiri okutodza kuramba rimwe core.

mhando itsva goho uye kushandisa chakagadzirwa mutagenesis. Nhengo, izvo zvichikonzerwa kunotouraya vane zvivako zvitsva, ane simba simba, saka kana dzinongoitika vakasarudzwa panobviswa. Nokuti kusarudzwa uye shanduka emarudzi itsva uye dzinoita waitoda chisingawanzowaniki vanhu kuti vane kwazvakarerekera kana zvakanaka kunotouraya.

mhuka rutoto nzira regai zvichisiyana dzinokosha nzira chirimwa maberekero. Kushanda navo - dzavo dzepabonde kubereka uye mwana muduku. Vakasarudzwa vabereki uye mhando crossbreeding kuitwa nedzimwe zvinangwa wakasiyiwa mwene. Mhuka dzose vanoongwa kwete chete nokuda kwavo nechitarisiko chavo, asiwo unhu uye kwakabva mwana. Naizvozvo, zvakakosha kuziva dzinza ravo. The anowanzodanwa kushandiswa kusarudzwa maberekero nzira 2:

- inbreeding (kufanana) - vayambuka vabereki, nehanzvadzi, hama. takayambuka Izvi hazvigoni kuitwa nokusingaperi. Rinoshandiswa, ave mutemo, kuvandudza ehupfumi mumatombo;

- outbreeding (imwe sabatsira) - hybridization mumwe kana vamiriri siyana dzinoita uye kunyatsoomerera pakusarudza vana pamwe zvivako nani.

Hybridization mhuka ndoda basa kudarika hybridization miti. interspecific VaNefirimu akadaro kakawanda chena.