Musimboti murume pfungwa nemaonero European uzivi

The chidzoke kwechiKristu afunga kunzwisisa kwouzivi matambudziko evanhu - pane mumwe zvinhu zvakasikwa sezvakaitika kuti kare, auya kutora imwe nzvimbo apiwa naMwari. Kudivi rimwe, zvakanga akasikwa naMwari kuti aite basa rinokosha, pane dzimwe - aparadzana naye somugumisiro pakupunzika. Nokudaro, pazvidzidzo zvouMwari kufunga emakore okutanga munguva yedu ndiwo murume nenzira dualistic, paradzanisa. In muuzivi Ages vechiKristu zvakanzi hunodzorwa nedzidziso kuti naMwari uye vanhu kwakafanana nemufananidzo Kristu. Kristu akava murume, muchinyengetera kuti Mwari, uye panguva imwecheteyo mumwe munhu pamusaka familiarizing nenyasha, kuuya kwaKristu.

Iri nedzimwe nzvimbo muchadenga, pakati pamupata kusuwa uye Mwari zvaaita kuti vanofunga zvenyika Renaissance nokudaro "Microcosm" izvo, ivo vakatenda, rine chokuita macrocosm zvakananga (uye machisi ichi zvose pantheism uye zvitendwa Christian). Vachifunga kuti munhu ane chinhu uye hapana anogona kuenzaniswa, uye Nikolay Kuzansky, Paracelsus, Boehme uye akataura kuti "macrocosm uye Microcosm -. Ndiwo mumwe" Zvisinei, itsva rationalism European zvakasiyana akamutsa mubvunzo chii ndiwo murume. Sezvo Descartes nechemberi tsanangudzo vakaisa pasi kukwanisa kufunga, nokuti chaizvo zviri rationalism kuva vanhu kuzviona mupfungwa. Kana saizvozvo Descartes kuonekwa kubatana pakati kwomuviri rokuti yomudzimu psychophysical paralellizm, kuti Leibniz kuvatenda vasingasiyani. Kuvhenekerwa, akavonga La Mettrie, akatipa aphorism zvakadai "murume-muchina", sezvo muzivi French vaidavira kuti mweya akafanana ne pfungwa, sei kwokunze uye dzimwe kuitika.

Muzana XVIII remakore, dambudziko "musimboti munhu ndiye," akava mumwe inokosha mibvunzo kwouzivi. Somuenzaniso, Kant rinobva dualistic kududzirwa zvine munhu, kuva "universes" zvakasiyana - dzinongoitika faniro uye tsika. Anodana physiology zvose zvinoita hunhu hwevanhu, uye pragmatics - chii ndaisagona chisikwa unoita kana anokwanisa kuwana kubva roga. Zvisinei, dzimwe vamiririri dzekare muuzivi Germany rakatorwa muenzaniso cherudo Renaissance (akadai mufudzi, Goethe, vanotsigira "rwokuzvarwa muuzivi romanticism"). Mufudzi akati kuti murume - uyu ndiye musunungurwa zvakasikwa wokutanga, nekuti manzwiro ake hazvina yaidzorwa sapamakore mhuka uye vanokwanisa kuumba tsika nemagariro, uye kunyange Novalis akadana nhoroondo Zvakarurama anthropology.

In Hegel kwakaita Philosophy pamusoro Mweya unobva hunhu kubva veMubatanidzwa ndaisagona ari. Musimboti murume maererano Hegel hazvidi kunzwisisa Dzinofanira Ipfungwa. Pakutanga, anova kuziva pachayo sezvo kuzviitira (anthropology, phenomenology, kwepfungwa); ipapo - sezvo chinangwa (mutemo, tsika, mamiriro); uye mhedziso Mweya (unyanzvi, chitendero uye uzivi) Pakupedzisira sezvo. With nhoroondo wekupedzisira akapedza kukura pfungwa uye mweya sezvo anodzokera pacharo, maererano nomurayiro negation pakati negation. Kazhinji, uzivi German ino nguva, anodavira kuti vanhu vanotongwa basa romudzimu iyo pave tsika rugare, vezvenhau mukuru yakanaka nounyanzvi.

Nechekare Feuerbach akatsoropodza Hegel, anonzwisisa murume ave nyama venyama venyama. Marxism ari kuuya tsanangudzo zvakasikwa uye magariro mu "homo sapiens" inobva nheyo yokukakavadzniswa zvinhu monism, achizviona somunhu chigadzirwa uye nyaya mumagariro uye basa. Chinhu chikuru - ndicho evanhu hunhu wemunhu, sezvo riri raora vose evanhu ukama, Marx akati. XIX remakore zvakapfumisa anthropology safunga pfungwa, hunosimbisa chaizvoizvo uye simba kuti nhema kunze mafungiro (manzwiro, vachaparidza, etc.). The chokutanga munharaunda iyi Nietzsche anotenda game simba uye manzwiro, pane chikonzero uye kuziva. Kirkegor Chikurukuru anoona achiita kuda, izvo, chokwadi, pane kuberekwa nevanhu, uye kuburikidza izvo zvakasikwa ari anova womudzimu.

Biosocial hunhu munhu kunoonekwa kwete sechinhu nevakawanda pfungwa remakore rechimakumi maviri, nokuti vanofunga yazvino zera kunyanya kunetseka wacho, maererano nako nzvimbo dzakawanda uzivi hwedu ano inonzi personalistic. Maererano navo, munhu haagoni kuderedzwa chero inokosha hwaro. Kuramba zvose munzanga uye mechanistic kuswedera, existentialism uye personalism vari akaberekwa kwakasiyana-siyana pamusoro yokuti munhu akazvimiririra (sechikamu hunhu uye magariro yose) uye kuzivikanwa (yakasiyana pakunamata kuzvisarudzira). Ideas "uzivi woupenyu" (Dilthey) uye phenomenology (Gusserl) akaumba hwaro anthropology kwouzivi somunhu yoga aibuda (Scheller, Plesner, Geleen, "tsika anthropology Rothakkera and said.). Kunyange zvazvo vamiririri Freudianism uye zvikoro kufanana unhu anoramba nyore kusvika.