Kuvapo uye bhuku rinotsanangura vanhu. The Chaizvoizvo ouzivi munhu

Musimboti murume - icho pfungwa kwouzivi kuti unoratidza dzinongoitika unhu uye mukati unhu kuti kuri kuti vanhu vose munzira kana mumwe, kuzivisisa kubva zvimwe zvipenyu uye kuberekwa. Unogona kusangana zvakasiyana siyana maonero panyaya iyi. Kuvakawanda, pfungwa iyi zvinoita pachena, uye kazhinji nezvazvo, hapana munhu anofunga. Vamwe vanodavira kuti kune zvikuru sangano, kana, kanenge, zviri isinganzwisisiki. Vamwe vanoti hazvina kuzvizivawo, uye akaisa mberi zvakasiyana-siyana pfungwa. Chimwe zvakafanana nemaonero - kuti musimboti vanhu kwakabatana munhu, iro hwakada zvakanyatsobatana chete psyche, iro rinoreva kuziva ichangobva zvakananga, zvinokwanisika kuti kunzwisisa mamiriro uye murume.

Key zvinhu

The chikuru predpossylkoy ariko chero munhu kwevanhu ndiko kushanda muviri wake. Ndizvo - chikamu zvakasikwa zvakatipoteredza. Kubva panguva iyi maonero, murume chinhu pakati pezvimwe zvinhu uye chikamu shanduka kwacho hwezvisikwa. Asi tsanangudzo dziri shoma uye underestimates basa vanoshingaira uye vanoziva upenyu munhu, kwete kuenda mhiri pusa-aifungisisa anopenya hunhu pfuma 17-18 emakore.

In mharidzo yanhasi pamusoro munhu - kwete hweunhu, asiwo soro chigadzirwa yawo kukura, kutsigira evanhu chimiro shanduka kwenyaya. Uye kwete chete "chigadzirwa", asi Musiki. Zviri chinoshingaira chisikwa, takaberekwa tine upenyu simba ari muchimiro mano uye mafungiro. Kuburikidza vanoziva chiito, chinangwa, izvozvo nokushingaira anochinja mamiriro ezvinhu muupenyu kuchinja izvi zvinosiyana pacharo. Objective chokwadi, kushandurwa basa, anova chokwadi munhu, "hunhu wechipiri", "nyika womunhu." Saka, ichi muupenyu ndiyo kubatana zvakasikwa uye ruzivo mugadziri, weMweya, ndiye socio-nhoroondo hunhu. Muitiro avandudze zvemichina uye indasitiri ndiro bhuku akazaruka masimba zvinokosha vanhu. Kuriverenga, unogona kuuya kunzwisisa rokuti "hunhu hwevanhu" iri objectified, okutengesa chimiro, kwete chete sezvo husingaoneki pfungwa. Inogona kuwanika hunhu, zvinhu basa, kana paine yokukakavadzniswa kusakarongeka rokudzora zvinhu, okusika masimba murume ane zvimwe socio-upfumi marongerwo.

Muchikwata che "kuvapo"

Iri izwi rinoreva Kuziva kuva munhu muupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Zvakange ipapo akaratidzwa musimboti webasa evanhu, yakasimba kuwirirana yamarudzi ose nomumwe maitiro, ayo nezvaanogona uye kuvapo shanduka tsika dzevanhu. Kuvapo zvikuru kupfuma hunhu uye, sezvo nzira mashoko ayo, anosanganisira, kuwedzera kuratidza simba kwevanhu, sezvo kusiyana evanhu, tsika, zvoutachiona uye mafungiro unhu. kubatana zvose izvi pfungwa chete anoumba zvechokwadi kwevanhu.

Muchikwata che "hunhu hwevanhu"

Muzana remakore rapfuura, vanhu vaizivikanwa, uye kudiwa siyanei pfungwa yave vakabvunzwa. Asi kukura zvipenyu, kudzidzwa Neural sangano uropi uye kunokonzera genome kutarisa ukama uhwu nzira itsva. Mubvunzo chikuru ndechokuti pane dzose, muronga hunhu murume yakazvimirira wokutevedzera zvose, kunyange mapurasitiki uye kuchinja hunhu.

Muzivi F. Fukuyama United States anotenda kuti pane mumwe, uye dzinovimbisa kuti chamazuva uye kutsiga hwekurarama kwedu sechipiriso rudzi, uyewo chitendero chedu inokosha uye dzinokosha tsika. Chimwe musayendisiti kubva America S.Pinker, rinorondedzera zvisikwa somunhu yakatarwa nepfungwa, zvishande mano uye nevavariro nevakawanda vanhu vane anowanzoita kushanda tsinga. Kubva tsanangudzo izvi zvinoreva kuti munhu vanhu zvinhu zvinotsanangurwa pakugadzira nhaka ehupfumi. Zvisinei, masayendisiti akawanda vanodavira kuti uropi chete kunotema mukana inotungamirwa mano, asi haana zvinangwa zvavo.

"Rimwe bhuku rinotsanangura munhu"

Haasi munhu wose anotenda pfungwa "musimboti vanhu" pamutemo. Maererano yakadaro zvokuita sezvo existentialism, munhu haana imwe rudzi yokuporeswa, sezvo iye ari "sangano pachayo." Karl Jaspers, remasangano mumiririri wawo vaidavira sayenzi kuti zvakadai evanhu, physiology, uye vamwe vanopa chete ruzivo zvimwe chaiwo kuvapo kwevanhu, asi haagoni kupinda munzvimbo yayo zvazviri, ndiro tsika (kuvapo). The masayendisiti anodavira kuti unogona kuongorora munhu akasiyana zvinhu - mu physiology sezvo muviri, mu evanhu - pasocial munhu, mu zvepfungwa - mweya, uye zvichingodaro, asi haina kupindura mubvunzo zvinhu evanhu nokuti nguva dzose ari zvishoma kupfuura anogona kuva nomugumisiro. Pedyo pfungwa iyi maonero, uye chiNazi positivists. Vanoramba kuti munhu angawana chinhu zvakafanana.

View munhu

In Western Europe vanodavira kuti rakabudiswa basa vazivi German Scheller ( "nzvimbo Romunhu Yose"), uyewo Plessner "Matanho Organic uye Man" kwakaratidza kutanga muna 1928 imwe anthropology kwouzivi. Vanoverengeka vazivi A.Gelen, N. Henstenberg (1904), E. Rothaker, O. Bollnov (1913) (1904-1976 gg.) (1888-1965 gg.) - vaizoisa vachingoshandisa naye. Nevafungi nguva akaita pfungwa dzakawanda akachenjera pamusoro munhu achiri asina kurasa ayo Kurondedzera tsika. Somuenzaniso, Socrates akadana panguva vanoziva pachavo. The Chaizvoizvo ouzivi mufaro kwevanhu uye zvinoreva upenyu vakanga nechokuita kunzwisisa musimboti murume. Kudanidzira Socrates mberi achiti: "Ziva pachako - uye iwe vangafara!" Protagoras akapikisa kuti murume - ndiye nechiyero zvose.

MuGirisi yekare, kokutanga akamutsa mubvunzo pamusoro kwakabva vanhu, asi kazhinji iye akamboda dzokufungidzira. Syracuse muzivi Empedocles kutanga kutaura pamusoro shanduka, yepanyama kwakabva murume. Aidavira kuti zvinhu zvose zviri munyika zvinofamba ruvengo uye ushamwari (ruvengo norudo). Maererano nedzidziso Plato, mweya, kurarama munyika empyrean. Akafananidza mweya yevanhu ngoro, inova maneja Kuda, uye mahanisi vake pfungwa uye pfungwa. Manzwiro kurudzosa pasi - kune zvinonyadzisa zvinhu kufadzwa uye Reason - kumusoro, kuona zvomudzimu postulates. Ndiyo musimboti woupenyu hwevanhu.

Aristotle akaona vanhu mweya 3: musoro, mhuka uye miriwo. mweya Vegetative ndiye anokonzera kukura, achikura uye kukwegura womuviri, mhuka - kuzvimiririra kufamba uye siyana mupfungwa manzwiro, anonzwisisa - nokuti kuzvicheka-Kuziva, upenyu hwomudzimu uye mafungiro. Aristotle kutanga kunzwisisa kuti huru musimboti Munhu hwake munharaunda, zvaraireva sezvo pasocial mhuka.

The nevaStoiki akazivisa yetsika uye kunamata, ndikaisa nheyo yakasimba mifananidzo pake somunhu tsika ari. Tinogona kuyeuka Diogenes, vaigara mudhiramu, inova Lighted Lantern masikati kutsvaka somunhu revanhu. KuMiddle Ages maonero vekare vakatsoropodza uye zvachose. Renaissance vamiririri weekly ari antiikki akacherekedza, tinoisa munhu munyika iri pakati, chakaratidza kutanga Humanism.

On musimboti wacho

Dostoyevsky akati kuti musimboti murume chinhu chakavanzika zvinofanira kukanganisika, uye akamuregedza ndiani ita izvozvo uye vanopedza zvose upenyu hwake, kwete kutaura kuti hapana ane nguva huru. Shona aidavira kuti matambudziko oupenyu hwedu zvichapedzwa chete kana zvakazara nevanhu kupa nzira kuzadzisa ichi.

Frolov anorondedzera rive nyaya socio-nhoroondo mutoo, sezvinoita biosocial vari majini chokuita nedzimwe nzira Zvisinei, akaparadzaniswa nokuda mano maturusi kuva kutaura uye kuziva. Matangiro uye hunhu munhu kunogona kurondwa yakanakisisa pamusoro yaitwa hunhu nemhuka. Kusiyana ekupedzisira, vanhu sokuti zvisikwa vane zvinotevera huru unhu: kuziva, kuzvicheka-ruzivo, basa uye nemagariro upenyu.

Linnaeus, classifying mhuka umambo, kusanganisira vanhu nemhuka umambo, asi akaitsausira, pamwe guru netsoko, kuti chikamu hominids. Homo sapiens It riri pamusoro vakuru vavo. Man - chete chisikwa kuti tinoberekwa ari kuziva. Zvinoita inobvuma nekutaura matauriro. Achibatsirwa mashoko kuitika yomunhu kuziva nezvake, uyewo yakapoteredza chokwadi. Ivo - chinonyanya musero vatakuri upenyu hwomudzimu, ichiita vanhu kugoverana zviri upenyu hwavo chomukati tichibatsirwa ruzha, mifananidzo kana vatambi. Kuri vari muchikwata che "musimboti uye kuvapo womunhu" ndohwavo Labor. Ndakanyora pamusoro ichi enyika chaiwo emari Adam Smith, Karl Marx uye predshestvenik mudzidzi Hume. Iye rinotsanangurwa murume se "chinhu mushandi mhuka."

basa

Pakusarudza specificity yevanhu zvinoreva Marxism zvakarurama anopa basa guru kukosha. Shona akati yakaitawo shanduka kukura munhu zvipenyu hunhu. Murume basa rake akasununguka zvakakwana, kusiyana nemhuka, vanoshanda nesimba coded. Vanokwanisa kuita akasiyana zvachose basa uye mumwe nomumwe. Takasununguka zvokuti basa kuti tinogona kunyange ... handisi kushanda. Musimboti kodzero dzevanhu iri chokwadi kuti kunze mitoro kugamuchirwa munyika, pane kodzero kuti unozvipiwa wacho uye mudziyo evanhu kudzivirirwa. Kuzvibata kwevanhu munzanga kudzorwa voruzhinji. Isu, uyewo mhuka, kunzwa marwadzo, nyota, nzara, chido chokurara, nepakati, nezvimwewo, asi nyama yedu zvose zvinodzorwa vanhu. Saka, basa - ari vanoziva basa, ozeyewa nokuda evanhu. Zviri pfungwa rakaumbwa pasi ake simba, uye wakaiswa pakati nedanho kubatanidzwa maindasitiri ukama.

munhu evanhu hunhu

Socialization ndiwo muitiro chekuunganidza chinobatanidza mumagariro upenyu. Chete muvanhu chimedzwe noruoko maitiro asina anotungamirirwa papfungwa, asi nokuda voruzhinji, kudzora zvaisazogona mhuka, akagamuchira mutauro, tsika. Pano vanhu vave neruzivo maindasitiri ukama nezvizvarwa. Kutanga Aristotle, zvaionekwa huru munzanga zvavari maumbirwo unhu. Marx, chokwadi, vakaona musimboti munhu bedzi paruzhinji hunhu.

Unhu haasarudzi mamiriro enyika kunze nyika, zviri nyore nguva dzose ikoko. Socialization iri nokuda Absorção de Água munzanga mashandiro, mabasa, kuwana munzanga, kwadzakabva patsika dzemunharaunda. Panguva iyo mananara mumagariro upenyu zvinogoneka chete kuburikidza nomunhu chiito. Somuenzaniso, unyanzvi, kana vaimbi, firimu, vananyanduri uye vavezi vemabwe nokusika ake basa pachake. Society anogadza evanhu tsanangudzo wacho parameters, maererano purogiramu evanhu nhaka, anoramba nengaidzo munyika ino yakaoma ino.

Murume munyika dzechitendero

Religious nyika - zviri uzivi, iyo inobva pakudavira kuvapo chinhu remweya (midzimu, vamwari, zvishamiso). Naizvozvo, dambudziko murume ichaongororwa muchiedza naMwari. Maererano neBhaibheri, nemhaka chiKristu, Mwari akasika munhu nemufananidzo wake. Ngationei kugara padzidziso ichi.

Mwari akasika murume mumadhaka wenyika. Modern vechiKaturike vanoti naMwari chisikwa vaiva mabasa maviri: wokutanga - pakusikwa kwenyika (zvose) uye wechipiri - kusikwa mweya. In eBhaibheri vaJudha vekare vakataura kuti mweya - kufema munhu, chii anofema. Saka, mweya waMwari inovhuvhuta kuburikidza wemhino. Ndizvo zvakafanana kuti ari mhuka. Pashure rufu afemeruke usingacharovi, muviri ichichinja guruva, uye unoparara mudenga yokugezera. Kwapera nguva, vaJudha vakatanga kuziva mweya neropa munhu kana mhuka.

Bhaibheri ndiro guru basa musimboti munhu womudzimu kunobvisa mwoyo wake. Maererano nevanyori muTesitamende yekare neitsva, mafungiro haisi mumusoro asi mumwoyo. Naicho nenjere dzakapiwa naMwari kuti murume. Uye pane musoro chete kwaari yaikura bvudzi. The Bible haritombotauri runyerekupe panguva chokwadi kuti vanhu vanogona kufunga musoro. Pfungwa iyi aiva simba guru European tsika. The nyanzvi guru XVIII remakore, mumwe mutsvakurudzi pakati tsinga Buffon akanga nechokwadi kuti munhu anofunga mwoyo wake. Uropi, mu pfungwa dzake - muviri simba tsinga. The New Testament Vanyori vanobvuma ariko mweya sezvo fuma, yakazvimirira muviri. Asi chaizvo pfungwa chokwadi. Modern Zvapupu zvaJehovha kududzira muMagwaro Testamende Itsva iri Mweya Old uye havazivi kusafa kwomweya womunhu, muchitenda kuti ariko rinopera pashure porufu.

The hunhu zvokunamata murume. Pfungwa unhu

Munhu saka akaita kuti magariro evanhu oupenyu anokwanisa kuchinja kuva munhu womudzimu, ari munhu. Mumabhuku unogona kuwana tsanangudzo dzakawanda unhu, ayo maitiro uye unhu. Izvi, kupfuura zvose, kuva sarudzo vanoziva uye kuti basa zvose nemaitiro avo uye zviito.

The hunhu mumudzimu murume - zviri wacho. Central pano ndiyo maonero. Zvinonzi zvakapararira munzvimbo nedanho mupfungwa, iyo chinosiyanisa zvikamu zvitatu: zvichadaro, pfungwa uye pfungwa. Munyika pakunamata hapana mumwe kupfuura zvakanaka mupfungwa uye nesarudzo basa vavariro. ukama hwavo chinoreva zvakawanda, vari munzvimbo yokukakavadzniswa ukama. Pakati manzwiro, zvaanoda uye pfungwa, pane kusawirirana. Kuwiriranisa pakati zvikamu izvi psyche uye oupenyu munhu womudzimu.

Unhu - nguva dzose chigadzirwa uye nyaya hwomunhu upenyu. Zvinonzi akaumba kwete chete nokuda vayo kuvapo, asiwo nokuda kufurira vamwe vanhu, kunouya achariwisira. musimboti dambudziko murume haagoni kunzi munhu mumwe chete angoramba. Vanamuzvinadzidzo uye vanachiremba vanodavira kuti hurukuro pamusoro munhu individualization zvinogoneka chete kubva panguva apo munhu anoratidza omumwe paari, pachake ani aumbwa, kana anotanga otdelayat pachako nevamwe vanhu. Unhu "anovaka" mutsetse hwake uye munzanga maitiro. Mumutauro kwouzivi ichi muitiro anozivikanwa sezvo individualization.

The chinangwa choupenyu

Pfungwa zvinoreva upenyu - mumwe, nekuti dambudziko iri kugadziriswa kwete makirasi, kwete basa collectives, kwete sainzi, uye vanhu, vanhu. Kugadzirisa dambudziko iri - zvinoreva kuwana nzvimbo yavo munyika, ake pachake kuzvisarudzira. Kubvira kare, vanofunga uye vazivi vakatsvaka kupindura mubvunzo wokuti nei munhu mupenyu, musimboti pfungwa "zvinoreva upenyu", nei akauya panyika uye chii chinoitika kwatiri pashure porufu. Kudanidzira nokuda kuzvidzora ruzivo aiva chikuru unokosha kugadzwa wetsika dzechiGiriki.

"Ziva iwe" - inonzi Socrates. Nokuti ichi anofunga zvinoreva upenyu hwevanhu iri Uzivi, kuwana pachake kukurira miedzo uye kusaziva (atsvake zvinorevei zvakanaka uye zvakaipa, chokwadi uye kukanganisa, yakaisvonaka uye yakanyangara). Plato akapikisa kuti mufaro wakasimba chete pashure rufu, pashure porufu, mweya - musimboti akakodzera murume - akasununguka kubva nezvisungo muviri.

Maererano Plato, hunhu hwemunhu kunotemwa nomweya wake, kana panzvimbo mweya nomuviri, asi ukuru hwaMwari, usingafi pakutanga koporo, unofa. Mweya womunhu, maererano muzivi ichi, rinoumbwa zvikamu zvitatu: wokutanga - zvine zvakakwana, uye wechipiri - vozhdelyayusche kwake, wechitatu - nezveuchenjeri-kuvhiringidzika. On ndeupi wavo ane yokumusoro ruoko, murume wacho dambudziko kunoenderana zvinoreva upenyu, mabasa.

ChiKristu muRussia atora yakasiyana pfungwa. The chikuru chiyero zvose zvava dzakakwirira zvomudzimu pakutanga musimboti. By kuziva nezvivi, smallness, chisingakoshi kunyange pamberi yakanaka, mukutsvaga kunoratidzwa kumunhu tarisiro kukura pakunamata, kuziva yava kutungamirirwa chenguva tsika kuvandudzika. Chido chokuita zvakanaka kuva chinoumba unhu, ari rubatso waro mumagariro kukura.

Munguva Kujekerwa, yeFrance materialists vakaramba pfungwa evanhu sezvo raora zvinhu, venyama fuma uye mweya usingafi. Voltaire akaramba kusafa kwomweya, uye mubvunzo kana pane ruramisiro yaMwari pashure porufu, vaifarira kuchengeta "munhu aitya runyararo." Haana nazvo Pascal kuti munhu - ". Ane kufunga rutsanga" simba uye vasingakoshi chisikwa zvakasikwa, Muzivi vaidavira kuti vanhu havasi kudaro pasina uye akatsamwa, sezvo Pascal akafunga. Voltaire rinorondedzera murume sezvo pasocial munhu, zvinowanzoita kuti paumbwe "munharaunda nemagariro".

Saka, uzivi anobata musimboti vanhu vari akapoteredza mukuru chokuita nokuva. Izvi magariro uye pachake, nhoroondo uye dzinongoitika, ezvoupfumi uye enyika, zvechitendero uye mutsika, mune zvokunamata uye mazano zvikonzero. Musimboti munhu uzivi vaiona comprehensively, somunhu akakwana, Integrated hurongwa. Kana kurasikirwa chero muupenyu, collapsing mumufananidzo yose. Chinangwa nesayenzi iyi kuzvipira ruzivo womunhu, nguva dzose itsva uye isingaperi kunzwisisa navo akangosikwa hunhu, ake magumo uye zvinoreva kuvapo. Musimboti munhu uzivi, saka - vanzwisise zviri kuvhurwa, uye masayendisiti ano, kuvhura chiso wayo mutsva.