Kunyatsogona genetics

Mazuva Sayenzi genetics sezvo nheyo dzakaiswa ne kunoshamisa masayendisiti kubva Czech Republic Mendel. Ndiye muna 1865 akaita dzakatevedzana kuedza pamusoro crossbreeding pakati pizi mbeu uye nokuda kwemigumisiro akagadzira pfungwa yokuti muitiro nhaka ichiwanika nokuda pamberi uye kufamba zvimwe zvacho discrete. Mukuwedzera, Mendel uye ndine zvimwe zvokutanga ehupfumi ari nemagene, kureva chokwadi chokuti haana zvenguva hunhu.

Gare gare, pakutanga maviri remakore kare, Mendel zvekungofungira vakanga kwakaitika kuedza, raikura uye rakatangwa H. De Frizo uye K. Correns. Shoko rokuti "genetics" mukati zvaireva zita sainzi itsva akazviratidza kokutanga muzvinyorwa zviri Chirungu zvakasikwa William Betsona, uye muna 1909, kusora zvinokosha genetics Mendel, Dane B. Johansen chakaunzwa nesayenzi kuparadzirwa category "Gene", kureva discrete chaizvo nezvimedu, Chii chakaita Mendel.

Kiyi Pfungwa mumunda genetics ndiyo nhodzera. kunzwisisa Its inobva kuzivikanwa ehupfumi zvose zvipenyu vanopfuudza unhu hwavo nhaka. Izvi inopiwa kugona kwavo kuramba kwavo mamirire nyaya kwenguva refu. Muchiitiko chino, uyewo zvakakodzera nhodzera ehupfumi kuti vakaziva kukwanisa kushandura phenotypic uye genotypic maitiro. pfuma iyi akasvika pakuzivikanwa variability uye Aitova, kuti isu zvino kuona sezvo hwaro genetics uye maberekero.

Pasina kunze, zvose ano mberi genetics chikwereti pfungwa dzavo kuti chidzoke uye kukura itsva ruzivo tsvakurudzo. Chete pamusoro hwaro ichi zvakakwanisika kuisa uye kuratidza dzinokosha zvokudya yokungotaura ndikarangarira genetics, marongerwo uye Kuronga nucleic acids experimentally vakadaro, ivo vanobvumirwa kuzivisa bumbiro majini code, experimental dzinoratidza uye tsanangura kuti ufanane dzidziso biosynthetic matanho. In rimwe shoko, zvinokosha kuti genetics, akateya pasi mukupera kwezana remakore rechi19 - kutanga kwerechi20, akava hwaro pamusoro izvo nhasi kukura munzvimbo dzakawanda magene sayenzi: samolecular uye shanduka genetics, Gene jogirafi uye immunogenetics, zvokurapa genetics nevamwe.

Muitiro kuramba kuwedzera musango kutsvakurudza mune genetics zvakatungamirira kuwedzera, uye nyaya yacho sechinhu nesayenzi iri ano mupfungwa, nyaya sayenzi genetics kudzidza yakajairika uye zvinokosha mitemo yedzinza uye kushanduka. The empirical hwaro mufambiro pakutsvakurudza kwakadaro phenotypic mashoko.

Panguva Kugadzirwa masero sayenzi rakaumbwa categorical midziyo sayenzi iyi, uye nhasi anenge munhu wose akadzidza zvikuru akasununguka kushanda pamwe pfungwa dzakadai, Gene phenotype, genotype uye nevamwe. Uyezve, vamwe Mapato ose genetics "vakatamira" uye mune zvesayenzi nezvimwe, kusanganisira mumagakava. Pano vari kushandiswa kuratidza zvinhu chaizvo zvechiratidzo uye zvinhu munzanga uye ayo zvivako, dzinoratidzwa kukwanisa kuramba chacho hachichinji, kuenderera, uye kuitira chamazuva nokubata magariro maitiro.

Modern zvinokosha genetics inobva kuziva nhamba zvatinopiwa:

- nhodzera iri chinangwa zvakakodzera uye discrete parameter, achivimbisa kuti chinhanho zvipenyu;

- kuti majini kushanduka ndiwo mudzi mhaka chidzoke uye kukura yose siyana upenyu siyana uye hwavo shanduka;

- hereditarily chiite zvinhu wakazopinzwa DNA molecules uye RNA kuti vave mikuru vatakuri enhaka mashoko;

- zvinoratidza munhu akazvimiririra nomumwe kwemarudzi anopiwa nokukanganisika siyana chokuita majini nekufambisa kuMudzidzisi mashoko enyaya chiratidzo;

- mashoko majini pachayo iri muchitokisi musimboti.

Pahwaro urongwa izvi zvaitwa nemutoo dzidziso, iro nhasi vanoumba hwaro inokosha genetics. Pakati pavo, rinokosha nzvimbo inogarwa akadai dzidziso muchinjikwa monohybrid, vaimudana nezita musiki rayo - Gregor mitemo Mendel kwakaita uchapupu wemishonga, uye dzimwe chromosomal dzidziso.