Dzhon Dalton - Chirungu musayendisiti-ngoro kuti XVIII remakore

Dudzira dzakagadzirirwa nesayenzi chimwe chete, kuti rinogona kunzi Dzhon Dalton, kwakaoma. Mumwe vanoremekedzwa zvikuru uye aikudzwa nyanzvi nguva yake, aiva yefizikisi, mumwe kemisiti, meteorologist. Anozivikanwa nokuda kwemabasa ake chose mutauro Chirungu. Akatanga kudzidza kuremara ruvara chiratidzo, wakange uye yakanga akazonzi nezita raro - colorblind.

Mudzidzisi-vakadzidzisa

Universalism pfungwa dzake kwesayenzi uye siyana kutsvakurudza zvido zvinogona zvishoma kutsanangurwa nokushaya yake kudzidza pane imwe munda. Dzhon Dalton akaberekwa September 6, 1766 mutaundi Iglsfilde, County Kimberlend kuchamhembe kweEngland, mumhuri murombo romuruki. Vabereki vake vaiva Quakers, vaipikisa, vachiramba zvose chokuita yebasa Chechi England, saka kushanyira zvikoro dzidzo kuti John zvakanga zvisingaiti.

Kudikanwa uwane vaduku, mukuru anokwanisa uye chido kuwana zivo kwakaita kuti nedivi mugumisiro. Nokuda kujairirana John Gouhom, bofu muzivi-nyanzvi, vakamupa chikamu ruzivo rwavo uye zvakaoma kuzvidzora dzidzo, Dzhon Dalton nemakore 12 akatanga kushanda somudzidzisi chikoro kumaruwa.

Dalton Meteorology

Dalton aiva racho basa, yainzi "Meteorological zvaanorumbidza uye zvakaitika" (1793) rokutanga. Pamusana kwaari, iye akasangana masayendisiti uyo akabatsira mumwe mudzidzisi wechiduku kutamira Manchester uye vawane nzvimbo kudzidzisa masvomhu pa New College. Kufarira meteorology vakauya kwaari achishandisa kunyatsoziva Erihu Robinson, masayendisiti uye mainjiniya kubva guta rake Iglsfilda. Dzhon Dalton mubasa rake, rine zvakawanda pfungwa akamutungamirira yemberi hwomukova mitemo gasi, akakurukura dzidziso paumbwe ratinoona Rwako, wakatangwa na George Headley.

Muna 1787, musayendisiti akatanga kuchengeta dhayari okunze zvaakacherechedza. Dzhon Dalton, ane Biography unofadza zvikuru uye anorayiridza, wokupedzisira kupinda ari dhayari yave akaderedza ruoko pashure pemakore 57. Zvinyorwa izvi dzinokonzerwa kudzidza mumhepo sezvamunoita - rinonyatsooneka nebudiriro Dalton mu kemisitiri uye wefizikisi. Mumwe wokutanga Akatanga kuyera tembiricha dzedenga panguva dzakakwirira siyana, zvichiita kugara nzendo kumakomo ari Lake District iri kuchamhembe-kumadokero kwenyika.

colorblindness

Chikuru basa musayendisiti yechipiri chakatsaurwa kuti philology - "Zvinoumba Chirungu Girama" (rakabudiswa muna 1801), asi zvino pfungwa dzake Akave nokukwezvwa warwo unhu maonero chokuita ruvara chiono. Pashure pokurarama anenge makore 35, akaona kuti anoona ruvara zvakasiyana pane vanhu vakawanda, uye kuti ndiye chikabviswa ane mukoma wake. Akakurumidza akanzwisisa kuti hazvisi chete kupatsanura mavara (ruvara, iro akatumidza zvitema, yakasiyana nezvinotaurwa nevamwe vaifunga akanga), Dalton pfungwa dzake pamusoro zvinokonzera chiitiko ichi.

The mhedziso kuti nhaka hunhu kuremadza ichi akanga akarurama, asi tsanangudzo yake ziso bleaching mvura yakanga vakazochinja disproved. Kunyatsoverenga tsvakurudza uye mavambo yokuswedera kuti dambudziko, zvakanga okurega masayendisiti munyaya yaiva nomusoro unoti "Unusual zviitiko ruvara" (1794), vaiva mhaka upofu rokuti, izvo kubva ichishandiswa ophthalmologists.

gasi dzidziso

Kukwanisa kuwana paMharidzo zvakawanika uye kuedza kuti kukonzera chokuita nzvimbo nesayenzi - hwaro nzira rokusika, yaiva mwene Dzhon Dalton. Zvakawanikwa mu kemesitiri uye wefizikisi, akaita, kazhinji kunobva chete kuedza. Kubva mukudzidza zvomumhepo, Hova, achiumba okunze, akanga kuitwa adzidze aiita kuti magasi kwakavakirwa kwavo mumuviri makemikari zvivako - arambe achirema, kumanikidzwa, etc. Zvakabuda basa iri akamutendera kuti Zvakawanikwa ari corpuscular - .. Atomic - yezvakaita fuma.

Kuedza pamwe magasi kwakaita kuti kuwanikwa mitemo anoverengeka Dalton unokosha: nomusi haasaruri (kuri kuti munhu wacho zvinoriumba) zvinetso gasi musanganiswa (1801), mutemo chafariz kuwedzera negasi (1802) uye mifananidzo pokufa magasi ari mvura (1803). The mhedziso kuti kwakakura musiyano kwemaatomu vanoumba magasi, kuvapo chafariz hamvuropu okoloatomnoy akabvumira Dalton kutsanangura hunhu pakuwedzera magasi kana pakutsamwisana dzavo diffusion uye kumanikidza zvichienderana kwokunze ezvinhu.

Dalton kuti mabhomba dzidziso

Pfungwa yokuti zvose zvakasikwa chinosanganisira duku indivisible okunze, akanga atova unoratidzwa vanyori vekare. Asi zvakanga Dalton akapa izvi pfungwa physicality. The chikuru zvokudya dzidziso dzake vaiva mitsara akawanda:

• All zvokunyama zvinhu ine duku - indivisible, akasikwa kamwe zvacho - maatomu.
• Maatomu akafanana muvanhu vakawanda uye kukura.
• Emaatomu ezvinhu akasiyana zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana uye uremu.
• More kunzwisisa PARTICIPLE zvinhu ine vanoverengeka marudzi kwemaatomu.
• Kurema zvinoumba tudonhwe nenhumbi akaenzana kuwanda nemhomho yacho constituent maatomu.

Achingwarira vakachengetedzwa muenzaniso Morekuru, Dalton yakagadzirwa nemapuranga marozari. Chikuru pahwaro musayendisiti - Kushandisa kwesayenzi pfungwa hama mabhomba uremu kutsunga atomu rehydrogen sezvo samolecular uremu dzakabatana. Mabhomba guru vakava inokosha fuma iri quantitative noruzhinji kemisitiri. Havasi maonero zvose Dalton of mabhomba maumbirwo nyaya dzakanga dzakarurama nokuda kwokushayiwa pave vakawanda wefizikisi, asi dzidziso yake ave ane simba zvakasimbisa zivo atomu.

ndangariro

Vashoma vakakwanisa kubudirira mune pamisoro zvesayenzi, rine kutanga wakaoma, sezvo Dzhon Dalton. Brief Biography of musayendisiti - muenzaniso sei kutsunga nenyota nokuziva kuchinja upenyu hwomunhu yakajeka. Kunoitawo kuti kuronda nzira kuva simba unhu uye ona kuti aiva kuchinja mukomana kuti haana mukana wokusvika rakakomba hurongwa dzidzo, vabereki zvitendero uyo akavhara nzira kuyunivhesiti, mune musayendisiti pose vakaziva, nhengo zvakakurumbira zvikoro esayenzi Europe.

Mienzaniso mishomanana munhoroondo nomunhu akazvipira akadaro, anenge yemamongi kuzvipira kuna sainzi, izvo zvakaita Dzhon Dalton. Photo Portraits dzakapendwa musayendisiti wokupedzisira nguva upenyu, vanoratidza murume akapa simba rose yakarongeka uye rakaoma basa.

Mubayiro Dalton kwaiva kuziva nevamwe uye vadzidzi. Chidhori musayendisiti yave kuiswa pasuo Royal College of Manchester, achidzidzisa muupenyu hwake. Mune ramangwana, kuzivikanwa ichi rakura kuva pose zvechokwadi mukurumbira.