Nobel Prize muna Chemistry. Nobel Prize muna Chemistry

Nobel Prize muna Chemistry yave paakavapa kubvira 1901. weNobel Its wokutanga waiva Jacob van't Hoff. musayendisiti ichi vakagamuchira mubayiro nokuda mitemo osmotic dzvinyiriro uye namakemikari emuchina, svinudzai navo. Chokwadi, vose vakundi hazvigoni kuudzwa mune chete nyaya. Tichataura pamusoro kupfuura wakakurumbira, uyewo vaya vakanga paakavapa Nobel Prize muna kemisitiri okupedzisira mashoma apfuura.

Ernest Rutherford

Imwe yakakurumbira mishonga iri Ernest Rutherford. Nobel Prize akagamuchira muna 1908 kuti kudzidza disintegration zvinhu radioactive zvinhu. Makore oupenyu musayendisiti - 1871-1937. Iri Chirungu kemisiti uye yefizikisi, akaberekerwa New Zealand. Nokuda pakubudirira panguva kurovedzwa Nelson College, akapiwa bhezari hwakamubvumira kuenda Christchurch, New Zealand City, apo weCanterbury College. Muna 1894, Rutherford akava BSc. Kwapera nguva, musayendisiti akanga paakavapa bhezari kuCambridge University uyo ari England uye akatamira kunyika.

Muna 1898, Rutherford akatanga kuita kuedza zvinokosha chokuita radioactive uranium exchange nemwaranzi. Kwapera nguva, ivo vaviri ake mhando dzakafukurwa: Arifa mwaranzi uye Beta mwaranzi. The pinda wokutanga chete chinhambwe chiduku, uye yechipiri - kuti zvikuru. Papera kanguva, Rutherford akawana kuti thorium inongorira radioactive gaseous chigadzirwa chaiyo. Akadana Fani iyi "dzangaradzimu" (anobuda).

New tsvakurudzo kwakaratidza kuti actinium uye Radium dzangaradzimu uyewo akaita. Rutherford kwakavakirwa Zvakawanikwa naro vakasvika mhedziso inokosha. Akawana kuti Arufa Beta mwaranzi emit ose radioactive okunze. Uyezve, radioactivity yavo zvinoderedza pashure imwe nguva. Pachishandiswa Zvakawanikwa izvi zvaigoneka kuti chinokosha kubvuma. All anozivikanwa sainzi radioactive zvinhu zvakafanana akagumisa musayendisiti, chikamu mhuri imwe kwemaatomu, uye kuderera kwezvinhu radioactivity anogona kutorwa sezvo hwaro kupatsanura yavo.

Mariya Kyuri (Curie)

The mukadzi wokutanga uyo akanga paakavapa Nobel Prize muna kemisitiri, vakava Mariya Kyuri. Zvakakosha kuti chiitiko nesayenzi kwakaitika muna 1911. Nobel Prize muna Chemistry akanga paakavapa kwaari nokuda kuwanikwa polonium uye Radium voga pakati Radium uye kudzidza kubatana uye hunhu rokupedzisira maatomu akafanana. Maria akaberekwa muPoland, gare gare imwe nguva vakatamira France. Makore oupenyu hwake - 1867-1934. Curie akava Kumukundi Nobel Prize, kwete chete kemisitiri asiwo wefizikisi (1903, dzakanyora pamwe chete Pierre Curie uye Anri Bekkerelem).

Marii Kyuri aifanira kutarisana chokwadi kuti vakadzi nguva yake akatosvika yakavharwa nzira sayenzi. PaUniversity Warsaw haana kutora navo. Uyezve, mhuri Curie aiva murombo. Zvisinei, Mary akakwanisa kugamuchira dzidzo yepamusoro muParis.

kubudirira Major Marii Kyuri

Anri Bekkerel yakawanikwa 1896 kuti uranium exchange yeimwe emit nemwaranzi kuti anokwanisa munhumbi zvikuru. Radiation Becquerel, kusafanana yakazaruka V. rontgen muna 1895 gore, paiva pamusana excitation kubva zvimwe zvekunze kupi. Yaiva womukati uranium exchange pfuma. Mary kuziva chiitiko ichi. Mukutanga 1898, akatanga kudzidza. The mutsvakurudzi akaedza kuona kana pane zvimwe zvinhu kuti anokwanisa emit mwaranzi izvi. Muna December 1898, Pierre uye Mariya Kyuri yakawanikwa zvinhu zvitsva maviri. Vakadaidzwa Radium uye polonium (pashure Marie kumusha kwePoland). Izvi zvakateverwa basa voga avo uye kudzidza zvivako zvavo. Muna 1910, pamwe chete André Marie Debirnom kuzivikanwa esimbi Radium zvayo yakachena chimiro. Saka kwakapera makore 12 apfuura akatanga dzakatevedzana kuferefeta.

Laynus Karl Poling

Uyu ndiwo mumwe mukuru mishonga. Nobel Prize akagamuchira muna 1954 kuti kudzidza hunhu makemikari chisungo, uyewo chikumbiro chacho kuziva nemamiriro yeimwe.

Pauling upenyu makore - 1901-1994. Akaberekerwa muUnited States, Oregon (Portland). Somunhu mutsvakurudzi refu Pauling vakadzidza X-ray crystallography. Akanetseka kuti mwaranzi ichipfuura rekristaro, uye pane muenzaniso noruzhinji. On mufananidzo uyu unogona kuona maatomu nemamiriro fuma. Tichishandisa nzira iyi, masayendisiti ari kudzidza hunhu zvisungo mune benzene uye zvimwe zvinonhuwirira yeimwe.

Muna 1928 godu Pauling akasika hybridization dzidziso (resonance) kwemakemikari chokuedza kuti anowanika inonhuwirira yeimwe. Muna 1934, mumwe musayendisiti afunga kuti nemakemikari omuviri, kunyanya mapuroteni nemakemikari omuviri. Pamwe chete Alexander Mirsky akasika Pfungwa basa uye mapuroteni marongerwo. Pamwe chete Ch Corwell musayendisiti ichi kudzidza migumisiro okisijeni saturation (oxygenation) pamusoro rinobva ehupfumi pakati puroteni inonzi hemoglobin. Muna 1942, kuti muongorori akakwanisa kuchinja makemikari maumbirwo globulin, (mapuroteni muropa). Muna 1951 godu Pauling pamwe R. Corey rakabudiswa basa wakayeriswa kune samolecular maumbirwo mapurotini. Kunokonzerwa basa, izvo kwemakore 14. Kushandisa X-ray crystallography kudzidza mapuroteni vari tsandanyama, bvudzi, bvudzi, nzara uye dzimwe nhengo dzomukati, masayendisiti akagadzira rinokosha zvinoshamisa. Vakawana kuti puroteni ngetani amino acids akaruka kuva zononoka. Raiva mberi kukuru mune nemakemikari omuviri.

S. Hinshelwood uye Semenov

Ungangodaro uchida kuziva kana pane Russian Nobel Prize muna Chemistry. Kunyange zvazvo vamwe vomunyika yedu vave nominated nokuda mubayiro ichi, chete Semenov kuiona. Pamwe chete Hinshelwood akanga paakavapa mubayiro nokuda kudzidza mashandiro nemakemikari muna 1956.

Hinshelwood - musayendisiti British (upenyu makore - 1897-1967). The chikuru mabasa ake vakasonganira pakudzidza neketani siyana. Iye nezvokumwe homogeneous munhu akaidza, uyewo mashandiro wanda kwakadai.

Semenov Nikolai Nikolaevich (Makore oupenyu - 1896-1986) - Russian kemisiti uye yefizikisi pakutanga kubva muguta Saratov. Dambudziko nesayenzi rokutanga kuti afarira, akanga ionized magasi. The musayendisiti, achiri ari mudzidzi yunivhesiti, akanyora nyaya yokutanga pamusoro kwemotokari pakati mamorekuru uye maerekitironi. Pashure pechinguvana akatanga kudzidza zvakawanda zvikuru dzinotsanagura recombination uye dissociation. Uyezve, akatanga kufarira chokuita samolecular condensation uye adsorption kuti mhute yokuvamba pamusoro paasingazonyuri. Studies kunze navo zvichiita kuwana ukama pakati penyika tembiricha panguva iyo condensation rinoitwa, uye arambe achirema kuti chiutsi. Muna 1934, musayendisiti akabudisa pepa umo akaratidza kuti ane-wanda, kusanganisira polymerization munobuda kuburikidza mashandiro kana mapazi cheni zvavaifunga.

Robert Burns Woodward

vakundi All Nobel Prize muna kemisitiri vakabatsirawo guru sainzi, asi R. Woodward anomira pakati pavo. pamabasa ake anokosha chaizvo nhasi. musayendisiti Izvi paakavapa Nobel Prize muna 1965. Akagamuchira kuti mupiro wake mumunda makemikari kwetunhu. Makore oupenyu Robert - 1917-1979. Iye akazvarwa US, iri US muguta Boston, iri Massachusetts.

The kubudirira wokutanga mumunda wekemisitiri Woodward akaita panguva Second World War, paakanga ari "Polaroid Corporation" consultant kambani. Nemhaka yehondo zvakanga zvisiri Quinine zvakakwana. Izvi Anti-malarial mushonga kuti akanga kushandiswa izvo gadzira. Woodward uye W. Doering, ake bhururu, kuva nyore zvinhu uye mwero midziyo kare pashure pemwedzi 14 basa akaita kwetunhu Quinine.

Pashure 3 years, pamwe Schramm, musayendisiti ichi akaita puroteni analogue nokubatana munyika refu ngetani amino asidhi dzakabatana. The polypeptides vakawana somugumisiro ichi, vave kushandiswa pakuburitswa inorwisa mabhakitiriya uye chakaita zvokugadzirwa mapurasitiki. Uyezve, achibatsirwa wavo, zvakatanga kudzidzwa mapuroteni muviri. Woodward muna 1951 vakatanga kushanda kwetunhu steroids. Pakati yeimwe vakawana vaiva lanosterol, chlorophyll, reserpine, lysergic acid, vhitamini B12, colchicine, prostaglandin F2a. Naizvozvo, vazhinji yeimwe aigadzirira naye uye nhengo Institute "Ciba Corporation", ane mukuru akanga, akatanga kushandiswa mune indasitiri. Nefalosporin C aiva mumwe kukosha. An mushonga akadai kuti penicillin, iro rinoshandiswa pamusoro zvirwere zvinokonzerwa nemabhakitiriya.

Pamazita kwedu mazita masayendisiti, akanga paakavapa payo remakore rechi21, Nobel Prize muna kemisitiri chichange kuzadzikiswa, rechipiri gumi.

A. Suzuki, Negishi E., R. Heck

Vanotsvakurudza aya paakavapa kuti kukura itsva nzira interconnecting carbon maatomu kuvaka mamorekuru dzakaoma. Vakanga paakavapa Nobel Prize muna Chemistry muna 2010. Heck, uye Negishi - vokuAmerica uye Akira Suzuki - mugari Japan. Chinangwa chavo chaiva pakusikwa kunzwisisa Organic mamorekuru. Kuchikoro tinodzidza kuti makemikari yeimwe akaumbwa kabhoni maatomu kuti vanoumba marangwanda ari Morekuru. Nokuti nguva masayendisiti dambudziko iri rakanga kuti kabhoni maatomu zvakaoma chokubatanidza nevamwe maatomu. Tiwedzere nhoroondo, zvakaitwa palladium, akakwanisa kugadzirisa dambudziko iri. Under Zvakaitwa tiwedzere kabhoni maatomu simbi kushamwaridzana mumwe kutanga kunzwisisa Organic hurongwa. pezvakaitwa aya vakadzidza uye akahwina Chemistry Prize gore rino. Anenge panguva, maitiro akanga akatakurwa achibudiswa kunze, ainzi vachikudza masayendisiti.

R. Lefkowitz, M. Karplus, B. Kobilka

Lefkowitz (yaimirira pamusoro), Kobilka uye Karplus - ndicho uyo akahwina Mubayiro muna Chemistry muna 2012. mubayiro uyu akaenda masayendisiti matatu kuti kudzidza akabatanidza G-mapuroteni akabatanidza receptors. Robert Lefkowitz - a US mugari uyo akaberekwa April 15, 1943 The chikuru chikamu ake basa tsvakurudzo iri vakazvipira bioreceptors uye rokuchinja anonongedzera dzavo. Lefkowitz dzichipfekeka zvinhu zvinotsanangurwa zvizere, marongerwo uye kutevedzana kwezviitiko β-adrenergic receptors uye mhando 2 pamutemo mapuroteni: β-arrestin uye GRK-kinase. musayendisiti ichi muna 1980 uye nevamwe kunze cloning pakati majini anokonzera nokushanda β-adrenergic Kanotokonya.

B. Kobilka - rinobva United States. Akaberekerwa muguta Little Falls (Minnesota). Apedza kudzidza aishanda pasi pokudzora mutsvakurudzi Lefkowitz.

Nobel Prize muna Chemistry 2012 yakanga paakavapa kuna M. Karplus. Akaberekerwa muVienna muna 1930. Karplus aibva mumhuri yechiJudha, aiva itamire US kunzvenga kutambudzwa nevaNazi. The chikuru nharaunda kutsvakurudza of musayendisiti rakava zvenyukireya rinobva Spectroscopy, quantum kemisitiri uye kinetics kwemakemikari kwendangariro.

M. Karplus, M. Levitt, A. Uorshel

Ngatiendei zvino kuti laureates ari 2013 Mubayiro. Scientists Karplus (yaifananidzira pazasi), Uorshel Levitt uye takachiwana shure muenzaniso kunzwisisa namakemikari enyika.

M. Levitt akaberekerwa South Africa muna 1947. Paaiva nemakore 16, mhuri Michael kwakaita kuti UK. In London, iye ndanyoresa muna 1967 panguva Royal College uye akaramba zvidzidzo ake paUniversity of Cambridge. basa rake panguva Laboratory pakati Molecular Biology of University kwakabatana pakusikwa yemashoko-dimensional matatu Zvivako tRNA. Michael ndomumwe havaoni dzokudzidzisa kombiyuta Modelling uye kudzidza zvakasiyana hurongwa mapuroteni mamorekuru (kunyanya mapurotini).

Nobel Prize muna Chemistry 2013 yakanga paakavapa kuna Ari uyewo Uorshelu. Akanga akaberekerwa muPalestine muna 1940. Muna 1958-62 gg. akashanda ari chinzvimbo mukuru muna IDF, uye akatanga kudzidza panguva Jerusalem Institute. Muna 1970-72 gg. Iye aishanda Weizmann Institute neshamwari purofesa, uye muna 1991 akava purofesa zvipenyu uye kemisitiri muna Southern California. Uorshell vaiona mumwe havaoni kuti computational enzymology - Chikamu zvipenyu. Iye vakadzidza marongerwo CATALYTIC zvigadziriswe basa, uye urongwa enzayemu Morekuru.

Kjell S., E. uye W. Eric Betzig Merner

Nobel Prize muna Chemistry 2014 yakanga paakavapa Merner, Eric Betzig uye Helle. Masayendisiti izvi makasika nzira itsva microscopy mhiri nezvaanogona yaizivikanwa kwatiri chiedza maikorosikopu. zvabuda dzavo kuti tifunge nzira yacho mamorekuru mukati masero zvipenyu. Somuenzaniso, maererano nzira izvi zvinoita kuongorora nomufambiro mapuroteni anokonzera panowanikwa Parkinson nehosha uye yeAlzheimer. Pari kutsvakurudza remasayendisiti izvi vari kuramba kushandiswa sayenzi uye zvokurapa.

Kjell akaberekwa muna 1962 muRomania. Ndiye mugari Germany nhasi. Erik Bettsig akaberekwa muna 1960 Michigan. Uilyam Merner akaberekwa muna 1953 muCalifornia.

Gehena kubva kuma1990 akashanda ari STED-microscopy pamusoro vaingoerekana achine mwoyo. Yokutanga Laser yakanga inovapo mariri kusvikira chiedza fluorescent, dzakaonekwa nokuda receiver. Chimwe Laser inoshandiswa kuitira kuvandudza kupedza ari mudziyo. Merner uye Eric Betzig, Helle navo, achiunza vakazvimiririra tsvakurudzo yavo, nheyo rumwe rudzi microscopy. Tiri kutaura chete-Morekuru microscopy.

T. Lindahl, P. Modric uye Aziz Sanjar

Nobel Prize muna Chemistry 2015 yakanga paakavapa kuna Swede Lindahl, American Modric uye Zimbabwe Turk Sanjar. Masayendisiti yakakamurwa mubayiro pachavo, pasina tsanangura uye kutsanangura nzira iyo masero "kugadziridza" DNA uye kukudzivirira kubva kukuvadza majini ruzivo. Ndizvo akanga paakavapa Nobel Prize muna Chemistry muna 2015.

Vezvesayenzi ari Kuma1960, aiva nechokwadi chokuti mamorekuru izvi zvikuru Zvinokosha zvakaisvonaka uye mupenyu anoramba kumbochinja zvachose. Kuita tsvakurudzo ake panguva Karolinska Institute, Musayendisiti Lindahl (akaberekwa muna 1938) yaratidza kuti zviparare siyana uchingounganidza ari DNA. Izvi zvinoreva kuti panofanira kuva dzinongoitika zvigadziriswe uhwo "kugadzira" DNA mamorekuru. Lindahl muna 1974 akawana enzayemu iyo anobvisa tagovera cytosine navo. In 1980-90s nyanzvi, uyo akatamira pakazotanga UK akaratidza sei glycosylases. Ichi boka chaiye makemikari aite basa iri danho DNA kugadziriswa kutanga. Scientific kugona kubereka murabhoritari muitiro (vanonzi "excision kugadzirisa").

Akakodzera hanya, uye vamwe Laureates muna Chemistry 2015 Nobel Prize. Aziz Sanjar akaberekwa muna 1946 muna Turkey. Akagamuchira zvokurapa dhigirii rake Istanbul, ipapo akashanda kwemakore vanachiremba dzokumaruwa. Zvisinei, muna 1973, Aziz akafarirawo nemakemikari omuviri. The musayendisiti akashamiswa kuti utachiona paakaudzwa dose pakati ultraviolet mwaranzi, zvinouraya kwavari, nokukurumidza chidzosai simba ravo, kana akaita irradiation yebhuruu siyana zvatinoona kwaasingasvikiri. Nechekare murabhoritari Texas Sanjar kuzivikanwa uye yakaumbwa zviratidzo zviri enzayemu, riri basa kuchaitwa kunoguma nechinhu ultraviolet (photolyase). Izvi kuwanikwa muna 1970, haana kukonzera kufarira mumayunivhesiti of America, uye musayendisiti vakaenda Yale. Zvakanga pano kuti akarondedzera chechipiri hurongwa "kugadzira" masero mushure vakambonzwa ultraviolet chiedza.

Pol Modrich (akaberekwa 1946) akaberekerwa muUnited States (New Mexico). Akawana nzira iyo muitiro foni weboka kugadzirisa zvakakanganiswa iri DNA iri fission kwacho.

Saka, isu munotoriziva uyo akahwina Mubayiro muna Chemistry muna 2015. Tinogona chete zvokufungidzira ndiani achakudzwa pamwe mubayiro iyi inotevera, muna 2016. Tinovimba mune ramangwana pedyo nevamwe uye masayendisiti Russian, pachava itsva Nobel Chemistry Prize kweRussia.