Inbreeding - chii? Inbreeding: Mienzaniso

Kubudirira zvokuwedzera genetics dzaro muhombe nheyo dzinongoitika pezvakaitwa kuitika nzvimbo yokungotaura, kubvumira vanhu kuti vashandise ruzivo urwu nokuda kwavo pachavo zvavanoda. Somuenzaniso, vakawanda mananara dzakadai inbreeding uye outbreeding. More yaizivikanwa zvose zvinofanana mashoko aya - makunakuna. Ndezvipi azvaiitwa kubva esayenzi maonero uye chii munhu anogona kuzadzisa nokushandisa navo, isu kutsanangurira munyaya ino.

Inbreeding - chii?

Chokutanga kutsanangura pfungwa. Saka, inbreeding, masero kutaura mutauro nezvesayenzi, ndicho wevasungwa ose akafanana ne dzinza alleles rinoumbwa rimwe genotype, kuti ndicho chimwe muviri.

Kana kupfuura mashoko nyore kupindura mubvunzo "Inbreeding - kureva," tinogona kutaura kuti zviri chinangwa kuyambuka kufanana siyana zvinomera, mhuka, vanhu nechinangwa kuunganidza ari genotype vamwe alleles ane Gene vakatakura achida unhu. Kutaura zvazviri, pane anoreva zvakafanana vanoverengeka kwacho. Saka, kana totaura kwevanhu, ndiyo michato kufanana inonzi makunakuna. Kana ukataura nezvenyaya zvinomera, ipapo munhu anotaura Inbreeding. Inbreeding - pfungwa zvipfuwo. Zvisinei, ichi izwi ringashandiswawo mu zvirimwa maberekero.

heterosis

Pane kudaro chinhu ive yokunyanyisa mwero inbreeding. Izvi zvinoitika kana:

• mhuka anokwanisa kuzvidzora muchangosangana;
• chirimwa ndiko kuzvipira mukume.

Muzviitiko izvi, kuunganidza kumarudzi homozygous alleles pamwe aida chikabviswa zviri nyore zvikuru, chokwadi risingabatanidzwi seti okutodza evanhu akasiyana. pfuma iyi zvinowanzoshandiswa chirimwa maberekero. Vanhu pachizvarwa yokutanga nokuda okuzvibatsira pollination kazhinji nezvibereko dzakadaro, apo goho riri yakawedzera 60%! Izvi zvinozivikanwa sezvo heterosis, uye ndiyo kushandiswa nzira hwokubereka zvinhu zvakadai pamusoro chirimwa mavambo, yakadai se:

• donje;
• mhiripiri;
• pizi;
• bhinzi;
• Citrus;
• gorosi;
• bhari uye nevamwe.

The inbreeding mamiriro, kuitwa munhu mutsividzo proyavlyaemosti kunokuvadza Gene kuchinjirwa kwavo heterozygous ezvinhu mune zvizvarwa. Izvi zvinoitwa chakagadzirwa vakasarudzwa. Kana chirimwa anogara zvakasikwa ezvinhu, kwakadaro kusarudzwa zviri chaiye kunoitika, zviri muropa. Ndokusaka zvakasikwa pakati miti kuzvipira pollinating kutonetsa kusangana deformities, kururama uye zvakakomba nemagene zvirwere.

Nhoroondo yokuti pakukura

Kana svetuka kupinda kare, pfungwa makunakuna, pane akwegura kwazvo, kubva panguva vanaFarao. The siyana dzomunyika vachinzwisisa zvakasiyana chiitiko ichi. Somuenzaniso, kare Romans makunakuna kwainzi chivi zvinotyisa. Asi munzvimbo dzakaita muIjipiti, Europe, kuti pre-Columbian America, uye vateveri zvose muchihedheni, izvi chaiva hwandaiva chezvinonhuwira upenyu. Hama akasununguka akaroora hanzvadzi, uye rakanga nomufaro sezvo anobvumira kuponesa ropa "hunokosha" imba youmambo panyaya youmambo uye youmambo mhuri. Zvisinei, Bhaibheri akarambidza makunakuna yakadaro, makunakuna kwainzi chivi zvinotyisa, saka nyika yose yechiKristu akamira kudaro nguva pezvakaitwa.

Kana isu kutaura pamusoro zvinomera, mhuka, chimwe chinhu chiri inbreeding, heterosis chii vanhu vakadzidza chete gare gare empirically. Zviri pachena kuti apo ruzivo vokuparidzira genetics dzakanga dzisipo. Vanhu vakanga kutungamirirwa chete zvakajeka, kuti experimental nemiedzo. Zvisinei, zvakanga zvakakwana kuti yakaonekwa nokuti kuwana aida zvinhu uye kugadzirira kwavo vana vanofanira hybridize pakati pachavo pamwe chete huripo Gene siyana hwakaratidzwa externally.

Izvi zvinoshandawo miti. Zvinozivikanwa kuti muna XIV remakore hweOttoman akura tulips zvakaisvonaka tsika mavara yaunganidzwa inbreeding. Pakati mhuka vanowanzobatwa pasi inbreeding imbwa, sezvo vakanga chikuru chokufunga kuvhima, uye iye, akavapindurawo, - anoita zvevaraidzo huru.

Inbreeding mune imbwa, aunopiwa akasimba, hardiest uye coached mugumisiro kunovhima nembwa. Ichokwadi vakawanda vanhu, kunobva kunotouraya zvakaparadzwa.

The dhigirii uye inbreeding

Yokungotaura kudzidza dzidziso zvakapiwa nemasayendisiti akawanda, asi chinokosha mabasa wokuEngland Wright uye vokuRussia Kislovsky. Pamwe chete, asi pasina mumwe, vakakwanisa kuumba nzira kuverenga coefficient kuti inbreeding nezvizvarwa. Ndizvo sezvinotevera:

_{F x = Σ F (1/2)} N + ni- ¹ * (1 + F _a) * 100, apo

• F _X - inbreeding coefficient, akaratidza kuva chikamu;
• F _munhu - inbreeding kubva kuzitateguru;
• N, N _ini - lineages.

Kana uchiziva nezvizvarwa zvevazukuru mhando, uyewo vane ruzivo pamusoro kare nokuenzanisa inbreeding coefficient kumadzitateguru, zvinokwanisika kuverenga pamwero upi muviri. Chete zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti Masvomhu aya akaita chete kubva yokungotaura chinangwa. Practice inoratidza kuti nzira iyi va neudhadha, sezvo hanya recessive alleles vakatakura kunotouraya hunokuvadza. Uye vave vose homo- uye heterozygotes panguva kakawanda muitiro.

Naizvozvo, migumisiro tsika yakasiyana avo dzaona hunonzi. Formula Wright-Kislovsky akashandisa chete paainyora dissertations, izwi mapepa, dissertations, apo vakawanda zvikuru mari mashoko vakawanda zvizvarwa kunoda systematization uye kubhadhara zvakafanana.

Kana isu kutaura ukuru inbreeding, izvozvo isu akasarudzwa pamusoro. The imbwa rutoto tsika kureva sezviverengo ayo Roman, iyo inoratidza, umo Zera aiva kuzitateguru zvakarurama chiratidzo.

kupatsanura

Close (pedyo) inbreeding - chii? Uyu ndiwo mumwe muitiro zvakasiyana, izvo dzichakurukurwa pazasi. Also dzoga mwero inbreeding uye kure. Kuti tinzwisise pfungwa kusiyana uye zvakafanana pakati siyana kwemarudzi, tarisai mumwe nomumwe wavo.

pedyo inbreeding

Ndiwo chinonetsa uye ngozi chimiro kwacho. Ari kuyambuka dzepedyo ropa hama dzinoita. Kana akashandurirwa dzevanhu -degree hama, zviri Somuenzaniso, amai nomwanakomana, baba uye mwanasikana, mukoma nehanzvadzi.

Mumamiriro kuyambuka akadaro kunoitika pedyo mukutsinhana zvakafanana alleles. Somugumisiro, hunokwanisa chiratidzo rinowanika nokukurumidza pakutanga chizvarwa mwana. Zvisinei, ngozi ndechokuti kunoguma munhu anogona kutakura yakavanzwa recessive mutant Gene, uye kuchava kukuru, kuti yakakura nhamba yevana. Muzviitiko zvakadaro, nokukurumidza kuunganidza inokuvadza zviratidzo uye deformities kuoneka, pane kuti kubereka mwana akafa, kushaya mbereko zvinenge.

nepakati maonero

mhuka dzakadaro inbreeding iri vayambuka hama zvikuru kure. Akashandurirwa yevanhu-dhigirii nevoukama Somuenzaniso, hama, mwana wemunin'ina uye sekuru, uye zvichingodaro.

Somugumisiro, unogona zvishoma nezvishoma, vachiita kunyatsosarudza, kuti vabudirire homozygosity kuti achida kuita. Izvi ndizvo refu, asi waanodzikisira anokuvadza homozygous alleles. Somugumisiro, mumwe anogona kuwana anenge ose nemarara akanaka chizvarwa, simba, utano uye anoshivirira.

Chokwadi, recessive allele ari mutant Gene vachange vachiri pachena, zvichida, kwete kamwe, asi nokufamba kwenguva afa chose, kuenda heterozygote.

kure maonero

Izvi mhuka inbreeding kunosanganisira takayambuka hakusi kufanana nevanhu. Saka, kana basa racho vanhu, zvingava Somuenzaniso, wechipiri hama nehanzvadzi.

A yakafanana mutoo anopa Izvi simba kwazvo, kazhinji kushanda asingaoneki. Uyezve, ongororo dzinoratidza kuti pamusoro nguva pane zvizvarwa vane zvikuru kunaka hunhu. Mhuka kutorwadza zvikuru, simba, mutant majini vakawanda uye chikonzero deformities.

Zviri pachena kuti kunyatsogutsikana vana, anokwanisa kubvisa vanhu avo runotevera, uye saka vanoramba kuti cheni zvakawanda - ndizvo zvinangwa inbreeding (chinangwa rinoshandiswa).

mienzaniso crossbreeding

Inbreeding mu zvipfuwo kushandiswa kwenguva refu. Uye kuti ndiye muenzaniso vamiririri mhuka zviri pachena sei zvinoshanda. Achitaura pamusoro inbreeding kwakadaro, mienzaniso inosanganisira zvinotevera:

• thoroughbred bhiza hwevanhu;
• mitsetse dzakachena imbwa purebred;
• howa dzinoita kufinhwa zvakanaka uye zvichingodaro.

Pfungwa, zvinokwanisika kushandisa Crossover kune mhando dzose dzemhuka. Just nokuti vazhinji ndiko yakachena chiedzwa. Asi inbreeding, mienzaniso zvatakakutadzirai ndapa pamusoro - iri basa guru rinoshanda kukosha.

Kunyanya munorumbidzirweiko kukuru ndowenyika ruzivo imbwa Breeders vanoziva dzi uye outs yokuyambuka uye kuwana zvechokwadi yakanaka uye utano vana. Asi genetics - sayenzi ndiyo capricious chaizvo, saka blunders kuitika. Recessive majini vanogona kutaura pachavo, uye munhu aizova kukodzera kutengeswa, achida, wose upenyu.

Inbreeding mu cynology

Sezvataona, imbwa achizivawo zvakavanzika Chiitiko kupfuura dzimwe nyanzvi. Inbreeding mu imbwa - chinokosha ezvinhu nokuda maberekero ose purebred mitsetse. Ruzivo imbwa Breeders kwakaratidza kuti mukuru zvazviri aiva munyoro chimiro kuyambuka akadaro.

Conditions vakabudirira inbreeding nembwa:

• muvambi yepamusoro genotype;
• nomazvo uye akaverenga nzira izvi;
• kusarudza zvine mwero kuita.

Chinhu chikuru chipi mwene - kudzivirira kutanga inbreeding depression. Ndiwo mamiriro mutsetse kana vanhu vanotanga kutumira mumwe mutant majini anokonzera deformities. Somugumisiro, vanhu vose vasina simba, inorwadza uye kazhinji kuurayiwa.

outbreeding

Inbreeding mu chirimwa maberekero kunokosha zvikuru, nekuti zvirimwa zvakawanda samoopylyaemy, saka kwayo kushanda ari kumusoro. Asi kana totaura mhuka, chinonyanya kushandiswa asi outbreeding - zvakasiyana zvainoita chivako. Izvozvo vayambuka kazhinji chokuita vanhu kutenga yakanaka thoroughbred mutsetse. Nenzira iyi akatunhidzwa mabhiza, mombe, nguruve, imbwa nezvimwe dzinovaraidza. Outbreeding - nyore uye yakavimbika nzira maberekero a, sezvo nezvizvarwa vari kugadzikana nokuda zvizvarwa yauinayo.