Semenov Nikolay Nikolaevich: biography, scientific activity

Semenov Nikolai anozivikanwa zvikuru neSoviet chemistist uyo mumwe wevakiki vemakemikari physics. Uyewo hero yedu yaiva mudzidzisi weUnited States Academy of Sciences.

Makore emakore

Nyanzvi yemazuva ano yakaberekerwa muguta reRussia raSaratov munaApril 1896. Nikolai akazopedza chikoro cheSaratov chaiyo muna 1913, uye zita rake rakawedzerwa kudivha yegoridhe. Munguva yekurovedzwa, mukomana akaziva Vladimir Karmilov - mudzidzisi wake neshamwari. Ndiye ndiye akatsigira kushingaira kwaSemenov kupa upenyu hwake kune sayenzi. Vakatakura ushamwari hwavo mugore. Muzhizha ra1913, Nikolai Semenov akapinda mu Faculty of Physics neMathematics kuPetrograd University. Nikolai Alexandrovich Semyonov aiva murume weuto uye akafunga kuti mwanakomana wake aizozvipirawo pabasa iri. Apo paakapinda yunivhesiti, kupatsana kwakaitika mumhuri, iyo yakatora makore akawanda. Kutanga negore rechipiri rekudzidza, jaya iro rakatanga kutora tsvakurudzo yakaoma pasi pekutungamirirwa kwa A. Ioffe. Akanyorawo mapepa masayenzi akawanda pamatomu nemamolekoro. Muna 1917, akapedza kudzidza kubva yunivhesiti uye akagamuchira diploma yedhigiri yekutanga. Semenov Nikolai Nikolayevich anoramba ari muchikoro chekudzidzisa, apinda muprofessorial scholarship (mazuva ano ekudzidza zvidzidzo).

Basa

Biography Semenov Nikolai Nikolaevich anoita rutsva rutsva apo iye muna 1918 akaenda kuSamara kunoshanyira vabereki vake. Asvika ikoko, anowana mutsva weCzechoslovak Corps. Muzhizha ra1918 simba muSamara rakabatwa neSocialist-Revolutionaries. Mushure mechinguva Nicholas akadanwa kuzova musoja anozvipira weWhite Army. Ikoko, akashanda vhiki nhatu chete semabhiza akatasva mabhiza. Nguva shoma yakadaro yebasa inokonzerwa nekuti nguva pfupi nhau dzakasvika kuti baba vake vairwara zvikuru. Murume wechidiki akawana zororo, asi baba vake vakabva vafa.

Tomsk

Mushure meizvi, Nikolai akasarudza kudzokera kunzvimbo yehutsinye, asi akarega uye akaenda kuTomsk, iyo yaiva yeyo yunivhesiti iri pedyo. Anenge makore maviri ehupenyu hwake, musayendisiti akapedza pano kushanda yunivhesiti uye Technological Institute. Zvisinei, mushure mechinguva, musayendisiti akabatanidzwa kuhondo yeKolchak. Akanga ari muhondo yezvombo, asi akakurumidza kutamirwa ku-re-battalion nekuda kwekushingaira kwevamwe vake. Mushure maizvozvi, akakwanisa kupfuurira zvidzidzo zvake pa Technological Institute. Mumwaka wechando muna 1919, guta racho rakatorwa neRobert Army. Izvi zvakakonzera kuti Semenov akadzingwa, mushure mokunge akaramba achiita basa rezesayenzi nekudzidzisa.

Mikoti kuna A. Ioffe

Muchirimo cha1920, Nikolai Semenov, uyo ane hupenyu huri kuita chimwe chinhu chisingafungiri, anodzokera kuna Petrograd pamusana wekukoka kweshamwari yake A. Ioffe, uyo panguva iyoyo akanga achigadzira Physico-Technical Institute of Radiology. Semenov akatanga kutarisira laboratori yemagetsi, uye pashure penguva yakati akashanda semutevedzeri mukuru pa Physico-Technical Institute. Pamwe naP. Kapitsa, gamba redu rinopa nyika yesayenzi nzira itsva yekuyera magnetic field yeatomu mune imwe nzvimbo isina kukwana. Nzira imwechete yakanga yakagadzirwa nemamwe masayendisiti maviri O. Stern uye V. Gerlach. Muna 1928, Nikolai Semenov akagamuchira zita repurofesa weLeningrad Polytechnic Institute. Mushure mechinguva anosika Institute of Chemical Physics uye anova mutungamiriri wake wekusingaperi kusvikira mumazuva ekupedzisira ehupenyu hwake. Chinhu chinonakidza ndechekuti mumazuva mashomanana mushure mekuvambwa kwunivhesiti, akaendeswa kuMoscow.

Pasina nguva purofesa akava nhengo inofanirana yeU.S. Academy of Sciences, uye muna 1932 - nhengo yake chaiye. Nguva pfupi pashure pacho, anonyora maografia ane musoro unonzi "Makemikari kinetics uye kushandiswa kwemaketani," apo anotaura achiratidza kuti kune kereke yakagadziriswa.

Hondo

Nikolai Semyonov mutezi wemakemikari uyo aibatsira kumamiriro ake enyika kunyange panguva yehondo. Muna 1941, akaendeswa kuKazan, kwavakarayirwa kutarisana nenyaya dzekuputika uye kupisa. Nokukurumidza iye anodzokera kuguta guru uye anotanga kushanda semudzidzisi kuMoscow State University. Vashandi veyunivhesiti vainyanya kutonhora pamusoro pekuonekwa kwaSemenov mukati mavo. Mugore rimwechete iye anoronga Dhipatimendi reKakasiki Kinetics, raanotungamirira kwemakore makumi mana anotevera.

Moscow Institute of Physics uye Technology

Muna 1946 akaronga pamwe naP. Kapitsa iyo sangano rekudzidzisa rakataurwa pamusoro apa Semenov uye panguva imwechete inova mubatanidzwa wayo uye musayiridzi wezvesayenzi wekombikiti. Makore gumi ehupenyu hwake (1940-1950) iye anoshanda muchiitiko uye mufananidzo weSoviet atomic project. Muna 1947, Nikolai Semenov akabatana neboka reCPSU. Kubva muna 1961 kusvika muna 1966 akanga ari nhengo yeCentral Committee, uye akazovawo gweta re Supreme Council katatu. Muna 1966, akasarudzwa kuti ave nhengo yeungano yechinomwe kubva munharaunda ye512.

Musayendisiti aiva mumwe wevadzivisi vehondo yenyukireya. Chikoro chake chesayenzi chinosanganisira makemikari uye physicist vakadaro saJa Zeldovich, Yu.Kariton, N. Emanuel. Musayendisiti mukuru mune guta guru reRussia anovigwa muNovovicvichy Cemetery. Rufu rwakabva kune zvisikwa zvipenyu pakuwa kwa1986.

Scientific activity

Nikolai Semenov, ane nhepfenyuro shomanana yezvinyorwa zvenyaya ino, yakaita shanduro dzakawanda dzinoshandiswa nesayenzi. Iyo huru inofunganya nheyo yekuputika kwemafuta, kupisa kwemasanganiswa emagetsi uye nheyo yekushambadzira kweketani mumakemiti. Mubvunzo wokutanga wakakosha wesayendisiti yaiva dambudziko re ionization yegasi. Akaitawo nechinangwa chekuparara kwe dielectrics, iyo yakazomutungamirira kuti aumbe nhepfenyuro yemhepo yekuparara. Icho chaiva chikonzero chekusika kwechikonzero chekudziya moto. Zvose izvi zvakabvumira musayendisiti kugadzirisa nyaya dzekudzivirira uye kupisa kwezvipuka.

Pamwe chete nemasayendisiti P. Kapitsa akaita shanduro, izvo zvakaita kuti zvikwanise kuverenga kupotsa kwebhanhire reatemagnetic mahara mune imwe nzvimbo isina hanya. Neye Yu Khariton akakwanisa kuona kutengesa kwekushisa uye kukwirira kwayo.

Musayendisiti akawana mukurumbira wepamusoro pamusana pechidzidzo chake chekuita kweketani. Kwapera nguva yakati akazoratidza chimiro chekushanda kweketani, achitaura nhamba dzakasiyana-siyana. Izvi zvakawanikwa zvesayendisiti zvakazarura hutsva hutsva hwemakemikari. NeA. A. Shilov vakaratidza kuwirirana kwemaitiro emagetsi uye kukurudzirwa kwekuita kweketani. Muna 1956, Semenov akapiwa Nobel Prize muKemistry. Ndiyewo munyori webhuku rinonzi "The phenomenon of the energy branching of chain in chemical reaction."

Nikolai Semenov, ane chinyorwa chiri munyaya yacho, apedzisa nzira ye quasistationary Bodenshtein kuwedzera. Izvi zvisati zvaitika, nzira iyi ndiyo chete yega yekuita kinetic kuverenga mukuita. Izvo basa romusayendisiti rakazvipira kune musoro wekugadzirisa maitiro. Akatsigira dzidziso yehterogeneous catalysis pamwe naF Wolkenstein naVo Voevodsky.

Mhuri

Semenov Nikolai Nikolayevich akakurira mumhuri yakanakisisa. Sezvatinoziva, baba vake vaiva mukuru mukuru. Mushure mokurega basa rake akashanda sehurumende, uye gare gare akava gurukota rehurumende uye akagamuchira munhu wepamusoro. Amai wemakemikari, Elena Alexandrovna, vaiva nemamiriro ekuremekedza. Tateguru waNikolai Semenov pamubereki wechidiki aiva muranda weTsarskoe Selo.

Hondo yedu yakaroorana muna 1921 kune nyanzvi yezvemapapi-nyanzvi, munyori wepurovhesiti yeYunivhesiti yePetrograd uye mushanduri Dante Maria Isidorovna Boreyshe-Liverovskaya. Chinhu chinonakidza ndechekuti mukadzi uyu akanga atova nevana vana kubva kumurume wekutanga uye akanga akwegura kupfuura shamwari yake. Pashure pemakore maviri anofara okugara pamwe Maria Isidorovna akafa nekenza. Gore rakatevera musayendisiti anoroora Natalia Burtseva, muzukuru wemudzimai wake. Uyu wakaroorana wakabudirira zvikuru, sezvaakapa vaviri vevana vanofadza: Lyudmila naRuri. Muna 1971 Semenov Nikolai akarambana kuti ataure hupenyu nemumwe wevabatsiri vake. Mhuri yekupedzisira yaive, seyokutanga, isina mwana.

Kunyora muchidimbu nyaya yacho, tinogona kutaura kuti mabasa uye zviitiko zveNikolai Semenov vave chikonzero chakasimba chekuwedzera kutsvakurudza uye kukura kwekemikari yesayenzi. Basa remasayendisiti raive rakanyorwa nemazita emitambo, yaakakodzerwa nebasa rake rakaoma uye mazano matsva.