Nucleic acids - Vatariri masero mashoko

Nucleic asidhi (neerekitironi - chinoumba) - Organic yeimwe, izvo chokuita nokuvapo zvose zvinokosha dzinotsanagura nyaya mhenyu. biopolymers aya kutanga chinozivikanwa F. Miescher (1968) ne leukocyte nuclei. Papera chinguva, ari nucleic acids vaizivikanwa dzose masero kwevanhu, mhuka uye zvinomera, utachiona uye utachiona. Saka, zvakanga zvakaratidza kuti izvi zvoutachiona yeimwe zviri zvipenyu zvose mumasero, ndivo vanonyanya vatakuri enhaka mashoko, zvinobatanidzwa munyaya biosynthesis kwemapurotini ane muviri.

Nucleic asidhi mharidzo

Nucleic acids vari prosthetic mapoka nucleoproteins. Mugumo zvibereko hydrolysis kwavo - purine uye pyrimidine zvigadziko pentose uye phosphoric acid. Makemikari anoumba kusiyanisa deoxyribonucleic (DNA) uye ribonucleic asidhi (RNA). Sechivako DNA iripowo monosaccharide - deoxyribose, mu RNA - ribose. yeimwe izvi dzinosiyana mumwe nitrogenous zvigadziko, ari maumbirwo mamorekuru, cellular localization, uyewo mabasa.

Compounds Morekuru zvinosanganisira purine kana pyrimidine nechigadziko uye pentose (ribose, deoxyribose), inonzi nuklozidami. Title nuleozida tsunga nitrogenous remubatanidzwa zvinosanganisira wayo chivako. Somuenzaniso, imwe nucleoside zvinosanganisira adenine inonzi adenosine, guanine - guanosine, cytosine - cytidine, uracil - uridine, thymine - thymidine. Zvichienderana makabhohaidhiretsi hunoumba mamorekuru kusiyanisa rubonukleozidy uye deoxyribonucleosides.

Kunze dzinokosha nitrogenous pezvingoro, nucleic asidhi   ane zvakawanda   uye vanonzi zviduku mujinga purine akatevedzana uye pyrimidine (1-methyladenine, dihydrouracil, 1-methylguanine, 3 methyluracil, pseudouridine, et unto.).

Nucleotides vari phosphate esters ose nucleosides. The Morekuru rine nucleotide purine kana pyrimidine pezvingoro, pentose (ribose kana deoxyribose) uye phosphoric iine acid vakasara chinobatanidza kune rechishanu kana yechitatu atomu Carbo pentoses.

Nucleic iine acid mamiriro uye ushande.

The nomumwe nucleotides vari pamwe chete ichi muchimiro va-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa, hepta uye polynucleotides, i.e. nucleic acids. Nucleic acids akaumbwa mazana kana zviuru munhu nucleotides kuti ibatanidzwe pedyo hydroxyl boka, riri pedyo 3'-fung atomu Carbo pentose mumwe nucleotide chete residual phosphoric asidhi kuti riri pedyo 5 fung atomu Carbo pentose inotevera nucleotide.

DNA ndiyo chikuru nemagene zvinhu zvose zvipenyu zvipenyu gadziriro. In zvinenge kunze utachiona uye nemavhairasi, zviri vemunyika mu muchitokisi musimboti. A zvishomanana chitsama asidhi iri kusimbiswa muna mitochondria uye chloroplasts.

Ribonucleic acids vave kuzivikanwa muna anenge ose muchitokisi hacho. Mukuru Huwandu RNA iri kusimbiswa ribonucleoprotein zvinoriumba - ribosomes. Zvinofanira akati kuti dzakawanda RNAs zviri cytoplasm, uye 10-15 chete% ndiyo chikamu tsanga.

RNA kwakavakirwa cellular localization, utachiona basa, samolecular uremu rakakamurwa mhando nhatu: ribosomal, nezvifambiso uye chizvaro.

Ribosomal RNA vemunyika mu cytoplasmic granules ribosomes apo vari zvakasimba vakasungwa puroteni. Vari ne kumusoro samolecular uremu. Transport RNA zvinowanika kunyanya masero hyaloplasm, mvura renyukireya riri mitochondria uye chloroplasts. Vane pasi samolecular uremu (40 zviuru. Daltons). chikuru basa ravo ndiwo chokufambisa kuti kusashanda amino acids kubva amino iine acid zvakaoma - AMP enzayemu kune nzvimbo mapuroteni usage, kureva, kuti ribosomes. kuongorora kwesayenzi kwakaratidza kuti mumwe amino asidhi ane tRNA rayo pachedu. Parizvino, mune zvinopfuura 60 mhando chinja RNA.

Messenger RNA (mutumwa RNA). Mumwe mRNA Morekuru panguva kwetunhu ari musimboti anogamuchira mashoko kubva DNA uye anotamisa nayo ribosomes umo chinozoiswa pamwe mapuroteni biosynthesis.