Transport uye nenzvimbo chinzvimbo Russia: features, zvayakanakira nezvayakaipira. Uye zvoupfumi uye chokufambisa-nenzvimbo chinzvimbo Russia

Russia ndiyo nyika huru munyika. Northern yakaoma ndeyekuti Cheliuskin M (t-kuna Tajmyr) vazviparadzanise nevamwe - .. M Fligely (pamusoro Rudolf.). Extreme wokumavirira mugove ichaongororwa iri jecha pfira muna Kaliningrad (Sea reBaltic), kumabvazuva -. M Dezhnev (Chukotka).

The chaizvo mundima

Kureba kumuganhu ane chinokosha kukanganisa zvoupfumi uye yokufambisa uye nenzvimbo chinzvimbo Russia. Zvinenge nharaunda yose mamiriro iri muna Eastern Hemisphere. Dzakawanda kunotema mwero musiyano nenguva - maawa 10. In dzakati vakawanda munzvimbo uye makungwa muganhu timezones upfuure ari meridians. Munzvimbo dzine vanhu vakawanda, kuti uwirirane administrative kumiganhu nyaya. The zvachose pakureba kumuganhu Russian Federation - 60 zviuru? Km .. Izvi, 40 thous. Km vanoonekwa gungwa. Ivo vari 22.7? Km kubva yegungwa. At 370? Km kubva yakaoma uye zvitsuwa dziri miganhu upfumi mugungwa munyika dzine munyika. Mukati pakunogumira akabvumira kutumirwa kune nyika. The dzokubudisa rwokuzvarwa mvura pfuma uye subsoil chinoitwa chete pamusoro Russian Federation.

muganhu wokuchamhembe

Ivo nomumvura zhinji kweArctic Ocean mumakungwa: asi Barents, Kara, East Siberian, nenyanza yeLaptev. All asi okutanga akafukidzwa kwegore rongedza chando. Panyaya iyi, kutakurwa kwenhumbi pavari rakaoma zvikuru. Mukati kweArctic Ocean ndiye nemauto Russian kweArctic. Zvitsuwa yayo yose ndezvaJehovha Russian Federation, kunze vashoma Svalbard yezvitsuwa.

West uye East

muganhu wokumabvazuva dzaidzidziswa nePacific Ocean uye Gungwa Okhotsk, ari Bering Sea, Gungwa Japan. Sakhalin Island iri akaparadzaniswa munenge. Hokkaido La Perouse Strait. Gungwa Japan asingadi -oma, iyo inopa chokufambisa Links pamwe nevavakidzani pedyo. Mvura kuBaltic kuGungwa Russian Federation chokuita Germany, Baltic nyika, Poland, Sweden. Nechekuchamhembe mvura dzimwe nzvimbo pachioma, uye pane dzimwe - kwete. The Sea reBaltic inopa chokufambisa kubatana pamwe dzakawanda Western Europe. In kumaodzanyemba-kumadokero nepagungwa muganhu anomhanya pedyo Black uye Azov makungwa. Small urefu mutsetse uri pamusoro kweGungwa reCaspian.

Transport uye nenzvimbo chinzvimbo Russia (giredhi 9th)

Pamberi kuparara Soviet Union, nyika yakanga 4 huru nzira yokubudisa kuti penyanza:

1. Sea Black.
2. North Sea.
3. Pacific.
4. ReBaltic.

Pashure pokuwa kweSoviet Union iumbe akazvimiririra mamiriro, yakanga akasika Kishi. Sezvineiwo achinja senga uye nenzvimbo chinzvimbo Russia. Muchidimbu, kuti disintegration of Union kungogumira zvikuru mukana yakazvimirira kuwana nyika huru dzaishandiswa pakutengeserana. Izvi kunyanya segwapa munzvimbo yacho Black uye reBaltic makungwa. Izviwo, kwakabatsira pamusoro geopolitical ezvinhu.

zviteshi

Transport uye nenzvimbo ezvinhu weRussia nhasi iri nani kunzwisisa. The nyika yava chinenge kubviswa kuBaltic States. A guru remarudzi chengarava kumadokero nhasi ndiro St. Petersburg. It chinopa womukati richikurukura nzira iyo diverge akafanana dzinoshandisa kwakasiyana-siyana kubva. Kaliningradskij Viborgskiy zviteshi uye kuderedza vanokwanisa uye kuzara. Muna Black Sea-Azov bheseni uye pane zvinetso. Munzvimbo iyi inoshanda zviteshi zviviri - Tuapse uye Novorossiysk. Kuburikidza navo aivigirwa mafuta uye kupinza zviyo. Asi zvengarava aya hapana piers nokuti rokukwidza chidimbu zvinhu uye midziyo. Transport uye nenzvimbo chinzvimbo Russia iri kuoma nokuti zasi uye kuchamhembe-kumadokero kune kumahombekombe nzvimbo yakakodzera kuvaka quays pasina kukamurwa mari.

Northern Way

Akapararira senga uye nenzvimbo chinzvimbo Russia yekudyidzana ichikutadzisa gungwa kubatana pamwe inoti kuWest kuburikidza Black uye reBaltic makungwa. Pamwe izvi zvakawedzera basa kuchamhembe zvengarava. nzira iyi chokuita mukuru-Latitude nani nengozi nomugungwa. Kunyange zvakadaro, iye asangana rikwanise dambudziko kuwedzera mano hwokuchamhembe zvengarava. Kuchinja nzira makuru migwagwa kutora emakore. Saka, muna 1932, kubva Murmansk kusvika kuna Bering Strait, uye muna 1935 - akatora nzvimbo pasina chando aizi kuna Vladivostok "Siberians". Kugara swimming atanga kubva 1937. Zvikepe vakatora inenge mwedzi kufukidza kure. Navigation kuchamhembe nzira iri 4 months. Mugwagwa ichi chinobatanidza East ari Far uye European zvengarava, muromo kuSiberia nzizi. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kuSiberia anenge asina mumwe chokufambisa pakutengeserana. Panyaya iyi, kukosha kuchamhembe mutsetse zvichaita chete kuwedzera.

Far East

Kuchinja kubvira mumazuva USSR chokufambisa uye nenzvimbo nenzvimbo Russia, zvayakanakira nezvayakaipira pamusoro kuti apo tinotarisa mumwe nharaunda anovonekwa, kumanikidza hurumende kuti refocus ayo kuita pamusoro pokumuka kumaruwa. Izvi, kunyanya, ari chokuita simba kuvandudzika Far Eastern dzokugara. Uye kune zvakwakanakira mudunhu. Chimwe chikuru zvakanakira kuFar East ndiko kupa outputs kuna Pacific Ocean. Kana kuva nhungamiro iyi, zvinokwanisika kuti yekudyidzana kuvandudza chokufambisa uye nenzvimbo chinzvimbo Russia. Zvayakanakira nezvayakaipira aripo Nhasi zvinhu kuFar East zvinokonzerwa kwete chete nokuda pezviri asiwo nezvinenge zvaitika. Saka, pane vachiri kunyunyuta muJapan pamusoro muzvitsuwa.

njanji

Kunyanya kutakura uye nenzvimbo chinzvimbo Russia richiratidzwa kwete chete kukura gungwa pakutengeserana. Nhasi pane matambudziko chokuita nokushanda njanji zvifambiso. Mienzaniso Russian chokufambisa uye nenzvimbo chinzvimbo Soviet uye iye kupupura zvakajeka kuti ichi. Saka, muna makore USSR pamusoro kumadokero miganhu 25 njanji kuyambuka akanga dzichiitika. Nhasi, ari Russian Federation ane 3 chete:

1. Kubva Kaliningrad nharaunda kuPoland muna Brest.
2. With Finland.
3. Kubva St. Petersburg kuna Grodno.

Nezvayakaipira zvokufambisa uye nzvimbo dziri pachena uye Russia pasango mugwagwa zvifambiso. Tichiyambuka huru zvikuru rinodhura kuti nyika. To musi, pane chinokosha dzisina inokwana njanji uye migwagwa, uyewo gungwa uye rwizi zvengarava.

EGP uye senga-nenzvimbo chinzvimbo Russia

Kuti tizive nzvimbo munyika tichienzanisa nedzimwe nyika, inoongorora nzvimbo yaro iri huru zveupfumi uye netsika pakati. Maererano zviratidzo izvi, Anoongorora nezvifambiso uye nenzvimbo chinzvimbo Russia. Kana kuongorora akasiyana Makwande anoshandiswa:

1. Macro chechetere. It kunoratidzwa nyika nzvimbo iri yose, pose panyaya yakaoma, kiyi nzvimbo dzakawanda zvoupfumi uye zvematongerwo enyika, zvifambiso pakutengeserana.
2. Meso. Iye inechirevo nyika pachinhu nemapoka nyika vanoumba enhoroondo nharaunda (Asia-Pacific, South Asia).
3. Micro chechetere. Panguva pamwero uyu, vakaongorora nezvifambiso uye nenzvimbo chinzvimbo Russia chokuita inoganhurana kunyika.

Geopolitical nzvimbo chinoratidza mamiriro enyika mepu dzenyika. EGP dzinoratidzwa nzvimbo munyika panguva zvoupfumi chechetere. Enzanisa ita anokosha zvoupfumi nzvimbo dzenyika. EGP iri pakutsvaga chokufambisa uye nzvimbo.

meso

Nokuda kuchinja geopolitical ezvinhu, chero vaitamira runoyerera. With pokuwa USSR ari Russian basa reallocation akatanga. Zvokungoitawo vaitamira Rwako akatanga kugara munyika Urals uye Volga nharaunda. A guru ndivo vakasara Krasnodar uye Stavropol nenharaunda. Pamwe dzinotama kufamba akatanga kwemahofisi mauto kumuganhu munzvimbo. Kuchinja anozivikanwa uye musika nzvimbo hama kuti remunharaunda dzokutengeserana chete, maindasitiri centre pakufamba pakutengeserana.

nzvimbo boka

Nhasi, voga kumatunhu pamwe akanaka ezvinhu kuti aite zvoupfumi mabasa. Pane nzvimbo nevamwe zviomerwe mumabhizimisi. Boka rokutanga ndivo vari mukati mapazi ose simba zvikuru yeUnited zvifambiso hubs: Moscow nekudunhu, mumhenderekedzo yegungwa nzvimbo, Sverdlovsk, Perm nharaunda. uye zvichingodaro. Boka rechipiri rinosanganisira kumatunhu iri dzokumaruwa: iri Volga-Vyatka nharaunda, Western uye Eastern Siberia, ari Magadan Oblast, Komi Republic uye dzimwe peripheral nzvimbo.

geopolitical kukoshesa

Vanyori venhau dzakaitika vanofungidzira kuti USSR ari biopolyarnom nyika (America - NATO, Soviet Union - sangano of Warsaw Agreement). Pashure pokuwa achinja geopolitical chinzvimbo Russia. Nyika iri kuramba ichiva zvishoma multipolar. In yayo gwara, Russia haafaniri kufunga munhu boka munyika. Pari, zvinokosha Links kwete chete Kishi inoti. Nokuti Russia kuchikosheswa nhasi kunoita kuti pave pamwe nyika dzose umo misika zvinogona angabatsira kutengesa zvigadzirwa zvavo uye kutenga woga mweya zvigadzirwa. Hurumende ine kutarisa masimba avo, iyo kupa mukana kuti kufadza vanobatsirwa nechitarisiko pabonde. Siyana zvaikosheswa vave kare chokuita zvinoverengeka ezvinhu akanga akakodzera ipapo. Nhasi zvinhu zvachinja. Saizvozvowo, reoriented uye zvaanokoshesa. Dzinovavarira:

1. Southern uye Western Europe. Strong Links dzakatangwa pamwe Germany.
2. Eastern European States. Ivo Russia anoronga dzifambirane uye kukurukurirana.
3. Nyika Asia-Pacific (China, India, Japan, Korea).

Zvakachinja geopolitical ezvinhu akaita zvinoverengeka migumisiro yakaipa. Iye zvino, kune dzimwe kutengeserana kunyika kumadokero uye kumaodzanyemba hemisphere kuburikidza Kishi kunyika. Izvi zvinoomesa zvikuru chokufambisa akavhiyiwa uye basa dzepasi yezvakaita mafuta uye simba yakaoma.

mhedziso

Parizvino, Russia achiri kuridza basa rimwe exporters pakukura mbishi zvinhu. Panguva iyo nyika ndiyo imupota kuti mari uye nevatengi nhumbi munyika kutengeserana. Zvisinei, "zvekuvaka muenzaniso" kunounza imwe mari, hadzikwanisi nechokwadi kufambira uye inogona kuenderera mberi pakati pehurumende. Izvi kunyanya nokuda Kuparadzwa huripo minda, kushaya pokugara nemari nekuda kukura itsva rwokugadzirwa michina yabvaruka, obsolescence okuwana uye kugadzira michina. Mumwe kukoshesa nokuda nyika nhasi, maererano nenyanzvi, nepakudiwa kuita multilateral zvaMambo munyika dzose. Russia iri pari zvinobatanidzwa nokushingaira munyika yose weboka basa. Zvisinei, izvi zviri pamwe zvose zvakanaka nezvakaipa zvabuda. Plus muchifarira ndechokuti hurumende ine mukana tenga pamusika remarudzi, anodiwa zvinhu uye mabasa panguva inokwanisika zvikuru mitengo. Panguva iyoyowo, nyika ndeimwe ekisipota. Uye kana kwokunze mitengo vari kuvatumwa wechipfuwo, mugumisiro kwebasa iri richava kunaka. With ose matambudziko, hurumende chinobatanidza mutemo qualitatively itsva. In ichi zvinowanzoshandiswa zvakanakira nzvimbo. Nhasi, nyika iri kumusoro munyika gumi kuti gwaro chibvumirano iri pamwe nenguva renyika dzakawanda pamwe kuBaltic States. A yakafanana chibvumirano ari simba uye Sea Black nharaunda.