Caves - wechisikigo miseve, in uye matsime inomuka dombo pamwe soluble. Vane zvakajeka miganhu uye kuenzana maberere vari kuumbwa nokuda choko uye reraimu. Munzvimbo yechando inotonhora, mhepo inotonhora anopinda mubako uye hapana mira, saka kunyange muzhizha mhepo tembiricha iri pedyo razero. Uye pamadziro uye sirin'i vakaumba munhu nechando goko, stalactites uye stalagmites. Kungur Ice Cave, riri munzvimbo Perm mudunhu, zvikuru nomukurumbira uye zvikuru mapako Russian, chinoita kureba anenge matanhatu makiromita. Zvayaiva mukati ane nechando chikomo kurudyi kumahombekombe Sylva rwizi.
Where mumapako akaumba overlie zvakadai matombo akadai reraimu uye gypsum, choko, dolomite, namatema uye munyu. Pane vasanaiwa nemvura yakakwana uye pakakwirira. Caves ine kutwasuka pakakoromorwa, matsime, miseve, ndima vachida, crevices, dzimba uye labyrinths. Pamadziro uye ceilings kusangana stalagnates, stalagmites, stalactites, sinter-yakaumbwa mumate uye rirambe richibvira Membrane helictites, uye crystallictites corallites. Makadzika mumapako vari inoyerera nzizi pevhu, nemapopoma, makungwa akaumbwa picturesque "zaberegami". For mumapako dzinoratidzwa chinokosha microclimate. Saka inonzi speleofauna nokuda kwokushayiwa chezuva uye yakakwirira Kuwanda carbon dioxide. mhepo tembiricha mukati chenguva uye akaenzana paavhareji tembiricha kwenzvimbo uko vari pedyo.
In kumaodzanyemba Makomo Ural, pamusoro munharaunda Bashkortostan, ari mubako Shulgan-Tash. Muna 1950, Soviet akiyorojisiti A. Ryumin akadzidza mubako. Akaona dombo mifananidzo inenge hafu kiromita. Image zvipembere, mammoths, bison uye mabhiza ndezvomwoyo ocher. Vakachera zvisaririra yevanhu, mapfupa mhuka, marasha inoratidza kuti paiva nevanhu vanopfuura gumi uye hafu zviuru makore apfuura. Zvino miziyamu inovakwa mukati mubako.
mapako Russian vakawanda. Vanogona kuwanikwa Eastern Sayan Mountains uye namafuro. All mumapako Mafuro vane chakagadzirwa mavambo. Pakati pezana nemisere remakore munzvimbo idzi takatora ibwe pamusoro kuvaka Moscow. Pamusoro nguva imwe runoita haangashaikwi, mumwe yakaumbwa yezvikanganiso uye mitswe. Pari Podmoskovnye mumapako nokure kureba eCaucasus. Vanokwezva nyanzvi uye vashanyi. Vanhu vari kuedza changu vachena mazuva, ipapo kupemberera mazuva okuzvarwa, michato, nezvimwe mhemberero. Usava maitiro mugomba dzimwe nguva kunoita kuti taisireva. Nokuda kwaizvozvi, Masuo kuti pavaiputsa izere nezviremera.
Munguva ichangopfuura, mumapako akatanga kushandiswa somushonga zvinangwa. microclimate wavo ane hunorapa kuti asima vanorwara. Yakakwirira mwero radioactivity uye ionization dzedenga nomumapako vane zvainoita huta uye zvemwoyo nehurongwa anobatsira. Speleoclimatic rokutanga mukamuri takagadzirira nekwevanorwa pfungwa "Kama" uye "Malachite" iri dzisina Ust-Kachka.