Biology: izwi rinoreva? Chii Masayendisiti kutanga zvinganaka kushandisa rokuti "zvipenyu"?

Biology - izwi raireva yose nyika sayenzi. Iye muzvidzidzo zvavo zvipenyu, uyewo kudyidzana kwavo zvakatipoteredza. Biology rinoongorora chose zvose zvoupenyu upi mupenyu muviri, kusanganisira shanduka, maitiro, ayo mavambo, kubereka uye kukura.

Kana akaita rokuti "zvipenyu"? Somunhu yoga sayenzi, izvozvo chete akatanga kubuda mukutanga XIX remakore. Uye ndiani rokuti "zvipenyu"? Izvi uchadzidza mberi.

Kare uye kuberekwa wokutanga zvoutachiona anoranga

Usati munoziva kana paiva izwi "zvipenyu", inofanira kuva nehurukuro shoma pamusoro kuberekwa chirango pachayo. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti kare muzivi wechiGiriki Aristotle kutanga nheyo sayenzi zvipenyu - nheyo sayenzi akadai zvemhuka uye bhotani. Vanochera matongo rwawana zvinhu zvaishandiswa, iyo yakanyorwa mabasa Aristotle mhuka. Akatanga yataurwa kubatana pakati mamwe mhuka. Kuti Aristotle akacherechedza kuti zvose mhuka zvinetsoka hoofed dzinodzeya inodzeya.

renyanzvi zvakafanana kukosha mumunda zvipenyu Dioscorides ndakatendeka, uyo akaita pasi kwazvo makwenzi muupenyu hwake uye akarondedzera zvavanoita (ari hurongwa zvinomera mazana matanhatu).

Mumwe muzivi yekare Theophrastus, akanyora basa rakakura yaiti "Studies miti." Mariri akatanga kufunga Aristotle, asi chete pamusoro zvinomera uye dzavo zvivako.

Middle Ages

Ndiani rokuti "zvipenyu" uye RINI? Kutaura nezvazvo zviri vachiri mangwanani, nekuti pashure pokuwa Western hweRoma, unyanzvi zhinji, kusanganisira vaya mushonga uye zvipenyu kunge akarasika. MaArab mangwanani Ages vabate nharaunda huru uye mumaoko avo mabasa Aristotle kuwa - pashure pokunge muchiArabic.

Muzana VIII remakore budiriro huru nokuramba Arab vatsvakurudzi mumunda bhotani uye anatomi. In zvemhuka kubudirira guru kubudirira Arab munyori - Al Dzhahis vokutanga vakatodzidzisa pamusoro-shanduka, sezvo yakanga wakatangwa nedzidziso yokuti chuma zvokudya.

Al Danavari akava muvambi bhotani munyika dzechiArabhu. Kufanana Aristotle, Al Danavari akatsanangura vanenge mazana matanhatu mhando zvinomera, uyewo avo kukura uye kukura danho neimwe.

mupiro kusimba zvikuru kukura zvipenyu uye mishonga zvikurukuru kwakaita Arab chiremba Aviatsenna. Akanyora yakakurumbira bhuku "The Canon of Medicine", zvakasara mubasa navanachiremba kuti XVIII remakore, zvichibatanidzwa European. It akapa vanhu Aviatsenna pharmacology uye akatsanangura wokutanga kunotoda yokudzidza kuti mamwe chakakomba kukanganisa pakudzidza yakaitwa nevanhu uye nzira kudzora chirwere.

Ibn Zuhr kudzidza hunhu chirwere, zvakadai scabies, uye akabata zvomusejari kushandiswa, uye vokutanga zvekuchipatara kuedza kwemhuka. In Ages Europe, kudzidza mushonga uye sayenzi zvakadai bhotani, zvemhuka, asina kuratidzirwa, zvikurukuru nokuda pokudzora kwomudzimu Catholic Church.

Renaissance uye kufarira mushonga, zvipenyu

Mune Renaissance, rokuti "zvipenyu" zvakanga zvichiri usingazivi. Asi nzvimbo yechechi rave simba zvikuru, uye masayendisiti, vakawanda vavo vari Italy, vakatanga kufarira bhotani, zvemhuka, anatomi uye mushonga - vakatanga kudzidza mabasa nemifananidzo yesayenzi yekare.

Atova XVI remakore, Dutch musayendisiti Vesalius nheyo yakaitwa ano. Kunyora pamabasa avo, iye dissected nomuviri womunhu uye kudzidza sechivako zvomukati.

Vatsvakurudzi vakadzokera rizere kudzidza zvinomera, kureva kuti bhotani, sezvo aiziva kuti miti vazhinji ndakasimba semushonga uye inobatsira vari kurapa zvirwere.

Muzana XVI remakore tsananguro mhuka uye mararamiro avo rava kutsvakurudza wose nzvimbo nokuda kudzidza zvose anozivikanwa fauna of.

No mupiro zvisinganyanyi kukosha kuti kukura zvipenyu chakaitwa Leonardo da Vinci, Paracelsus, uyo akaramba kudzidza anatomi uye pharmacology.

Muzana XVII remakore musayendisiti Gaspard Bauhin akatsanangura zvose anozivikanwa panguva iyoyo Europe, chirimwa - vanopfuura zviuru zvitanhatu marudzi. Mikoko Harvey yaiitisa kuvhuya chitunha remhuka, vakaita zvinhu zvakawanda zvinokosha chokuita riparadzirwe.

In XVII remakore yakatanga chirango itsva zvoutachiona chokuita maikorosikopu kuvamba. Nemhaka yake zvakawanikwa, vanhu vakadzidza nezvokuvapo zvipenyu nemaziso chete-celled, izvo zvakakonzera imwe resonance iri muvanhu. Zvino pakutanga kudzidza nevanhu dzisingaoneki kwevanhu.

Ndeupi musayendisiti akashandisa shoko rokuti "zvipenyu"?

Pakutanga mashoko XIX remakore chaivo anoranga vakashanduka kuva dzakazara sayenzi, iyo yave kuzivikanwa nokuda vemunharaunda nesayenzi.

Saka chii musayendisiti kunoburitsa kushandisa shoko rokuti "zvipenyu"? Izvi zvakaitika rini?

Shoko rokuti "zvipenyu" akanga dzataurwa nokuda anatomist wokuGermany uye physiologist Friedrich Burdach uyo specialized kudzidza hwomunhu. chiitiko ichi chakaitika 1800.

Uyewo, zvinokosha kutaura kuti zvipenyu - shoko yaipiswa mamwe masayendisiti maviri, vakanga vasina kuziva Burdach mutongo. Muna 1802, Gottfried Treviranus uye Jean Baptiste Lamarck newokuti akati nezvazvo. Tsanangudzo "zvipenyu" zvakazikamwa masayendisiti ose kushanda mirayiridzo iyi.

Biology ari XIX remakore

Zvino kuti munoziva uyo rokuti "zvipenyu", ndiko kutaura kwayo pakuzadzisa. Mumwe kiyi mabasa XIX remakore rakanga Bhuku Charles Darwin "The Origin of Species." Panguva iyoyowo, masayendisiti akawana dzinokosha kusiyana pakati nonliving uye zvipenyu nyika. Doctors uye masayendisiti akaramba kuedza mhuka, iyo akapa chaizvo chaizvo kunzwisisa zvomukati.

Biology muna XX remakore

Pharmacy nezvimwe anoranga yave unopfuura achinja kuwanikwa Mendeleev - iye akasika anonzi periodic table. Pashure kuwanikwa periodic masayendisiti akawana okutodza sevatakuri magene mashoko.

Dzinza rako yakabuda kare 1920s. Panenge chete nguva, vakatanga kudzidza mavhitamini uye chikumbiro chavo. Mukupera Kuma1960, zvakanzi transcribed DNA code, izvo zvakazoita kuti kwaita chaivo anoranga akadai magene mapurani. Ari pari mubasa kushingaira kudzidza majini evanhu uye mhuka, uyewo kutsvaka nzira kuchinja nokuda wakabata chimedu kunotouraya.

Development zvipenyu zviri XXI remakore

Muzana XXI remakore, matambudziko akawanda vanoramba zvisingagadziriswi. Chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha pane dambudziko kwakabva upenyu Panyika. Uyewo, vatsvakurudzi havana asvika nekubvirana pasi mubvunzo sei paiva triplet yekubvuma.

Chaizvo zvipenyu uye nyanzvi dzinoongorora kushanda panyaya nokukwegura. Masayendisiti ari kuedza kunzwisisa nei Utachiona zera, uye chii chinoita kuti kukwegura rikurumidze. dambudziko iri anonzi mumwe mukuru zvakavanzika zvevanhu, mushonga izvo nokusingaperi kuchinja nyika.

No sekwaserera vatsvakurudzi, uye kunyanya bhotani, basa iri dambudziko kwakabva Dzimwe nyika dzomuchadenga dzine. Zvidzidzo akadaro kutamba hombe basa ubanguranyika dzokunze nzvimbo yedu nedzimwe.

Misimboti Biology

In yose, pane zvinokosha zvinotaurwa shanu. Anobatana zvachose zvose zvipenyu anoranga mune imwe sayenzi vasina zvinhu zvipenyu, ane zita - zvipenyu. Izwi zvinosanganisira zvinotevera nheyo:

• Evolution - wechisikigo basa pakukura dzavamwe vapenyu muviri, umo kuchinja majini remitemo ane muviri.
• Energy - chinokosha chokufunga dzavamwe vapenyu muviri. Muchidimbu, aibuda simba, chete zvachose, dzinovimbisa kupona nhengo.
• Cell dzidziso (sero - inokosha chairema munhu anorarama). Masero All muviri zvinobva kuna rimwe zai. kubereka dzavo imhaka weboka rimwe muchitokisi kupinda maviri.
• Gene dzidziso (chikamu chiduku morekuru reDNA, riri basa kuchengetera uye kupararira magene mashoko kubva kune chimwe chizvarwa kuenda kune chinotevera).
• Homeostasis - inofanira kuzvidzora mumuviri uye kudzorera mwero kuti zvinodiwa.

zvoutachiona anoranga

Pari Biology - izwi zvinosanganisira dzakawanda gumi nevaviri vanotongwa nerimwe riri kushandiswa, asi pachirehwa yekunwa misimboti zvose sayenzi iyi.

Pakati zvikuru nevanhu nyaya dziri:

• Anatomy - kuranga kuti vanodzidza maumbirwo zvipuka zvine masero akawanda zvipenyu, marongerwo uye mashandiro nhengo dzomukati.
• Bhotani - kurangwa kuti anobata nokudzidza miti setsikawo sezvo zvipuka zvine masero akawanda uye unicellular zvinenge.
• Virology - chikamu chinokosha pamusoro zvidukuduku, ave achidzidza uye vairwisana ngozi vanhu uyewo utachiona mhuka. Panguva iyoyo, virology - chombo kuti tikurire nemavhairasi, uye saka kuponesa mamiriyoni evanhu.
• Pokugara nhaka kuvabereki ouinjiniya - sayenzi kuti vanodzidza mitemo yedzinza uye kusiyana zvipenyu. Yokupedzisira inotaura kuchinja majini, izvo zvinoita kuti tikwanise kuchinja zvinenge, uye kunyange pakusika vatsva.
• Zoologie - sayenzi runotaura kudzidza mhuka nyika, kana, kupfuura kungoti, miti nemhuka zvakazonaka.
• Ecology - sayenzi kuti vanodzidza kukurukurirana ipi mupenyu muviri kune dzimwe Utachiona, uyewo avo kudyidzana nenyika.

Zvino munoziva kuti musayendisiti rokuti "zvipenyu", nzira kukura sayenzi iyi yapfuura. Tinovimba mashoko kwaibatsira.