Ivhu Profiles: mhando uye rondedzero

Zvinoitwa nevhu kuti vaone kukosha kwavo hazvibviri pasina kudzidza ivhu profiles. Chii uye chii vari mhando Profiles, verenga nyaya.

ivhu Profile

Pfungwa paumbwe wevhu zvakunoita mubereki dombo migodhi, apo ivhu ehupfumi dzinosiyana hunyambiri negwara. Pane kuchinja nguva iri Kuronga ivhu pachiso pakadzika kupinda bedrock, izvo hazvina kukanganisa ivhu inotungamirwa rikurumidze. Zvinoitika zvishoma nezvishoma. Ivhu Profiles vari aumba pasi pokudzora zvimwe zvinhu. The zvihombe ndiwo:

• Zvinhu vachipinda vertically muvhu kubva mumhepo kana kubva pasi. sangano ravo kunobva rwevhu inotungamirwa uye turnover kwemakore uye mwaka.
• Kupiwa mira mudzi mugadziriro zvirimwa kuti kurarama muvhu mhuka, tusingaoneki.

Zvose zviri horizons ivhu Profile vari interconnected. It saka zvinoitika kuti ivhu akaturikidzana pakubhadhara siyana zvakafanana zvivako uye unhu.

Ivhu Profiles: mamiriro

Ivhu akaturikidzana rakatumbuka vertically, muri ivhu jengachenga. Chimiro chavo uye zvivako siyana. Ivhu horizons, yokuvamba sequentially mumwe pashure pomumwe - ndiye ivhu profiles. Chimiro wavo chaiwo rimwe ivhu.

The nemamiriro ivhu Profile wakada kufanana yepanyama basa paumbwe wevhu, uye kushandiswa kwawo mune zvokurima. Ivhu akaturikidzana pakubhadhara dzakasiyana dzinosiyana kwete chete zvinhu uye zvivako, asiwo murwiyo. Power jengachenga tsunga wehunyambiri papi. Huru horizons:

• The manyowa ivhu.
• Horizon achichinja kubva yapfuura inotevera rukoko.
• The subsoil (mubereki zvinhu).

nyore Profile

The nemamiriro ivhu Profile pamusoro ukanyatsozvitarisa riri nyore uye kunzwisisa. Simple ivhu mamiriro ane mhando anotevera profile:

• Chinyakare - kamari simba pamwero, nzvimbo kushingaira ndiyo mubereki dombo.
• Kukwana budiriro - sechikamu ichi Profile muri horizons zvose, runowanzoitika ivhu. Mumwe jengachenga yakaderera simba.
• Normal - dzinoratidzwa horizons zvose kuumbwa panguva majini chechetere. Power yaingowanikwa neerodirovannoy ivhu.
• kusiyaniswa havaratidzi - horizons havaratidzi mavara.
• Anetseka kana kwakakanganisa - kunoratidzwa kuparadzwa rokumusoro akaturikidzana pakati rikukurwe.

kunzwisisa Profile

Mhando ivhu Profile ane kunzwisisa maumbirwo ndizvo zvinotevera:

• Kakasaririra - iripo kubva ichi Profile vakavigwa horizons uye Profiles paleo nevhu. In kwayo sezvamunoita vangava zvisaririra yekare ivhu inotungamirwa.

• Profile polynomial - vanowanika apo lithological panofamba, pasina kubva muvhu strata.
• Polycyclic - inotungamirwa kwayo kwakabatana periodic deposition nezvinhu vanoumba ivhu: kuputika padurunhuru, rwizi alluvium emadhaka nedota.
• Anetseka kana inverted - dzinoratidzwa paumbwe mhando dzakasiyana: dzinongoitika kana chokunyepera. Muchiitiko chokutanga basa reDare evanhu zvinhu, rechipiri - echisikigo, kana akatamira rezasi horizons pamusoro.
• WaMosesi - kunoratidzwa kwete sequential inotungamirwa horizons udzamu. Kuchinja horizons anodzima kunoitika sezvo mubatanidzwa wezvidimbu muenzaniso.

The nemamiriro Profile pamusoro ezvinhu zvevhu inotungamirwa

Ivhu Profiles siyana. Zvichienderana ivhu inotungamirwa muitiro, vari rakakamurwa mhando mbiri:

• Chokutanga mhando kunoratidzwa paumbwe wevhu pasi yokushambidza, akadana eluvial, nokuitika mwando kubva mumhepo. Precipitation anomuitira rigone chokubuda ivhu nezvimedu vakatamira pasi, uye zvinhu zvine maatomu akafanana.
• Description ivhu Profile rechipiri mhando ine maitiro ayo. Izvi mhando mamiriro runozivisa hydromorphic nevhu, izvo kuumbwa kana zvakawandisa unyoro. Nokuumbwa nevhu zvazvinoita pasi mvura, iyo kunowedzerwa pamwe ivhu rukoko.

The nemamiriro udzamu Profiles

Zvichienderana kuparadzira dzakasiyana zvinhu: reraimu, manyowa, gypsum, zvicherwa, munyu, udzamu zvinogona kupatsanurwa ivhu Profiles:

• Accumulative - pamusoro ivhu rine shoma zvinhu: zvikuru, ndipo vachava vashoma.
• Eluvial - uwandu zvinhu kunowedzera udzamu.
• Tsvina-kuwanda - fuma rinoungana kubva pasi mvura, izvo riri nechepasi kana pakati profile.
• Eluvial-kusiyaniswa - shoma fuma vaunganidza rokumusoro layer uye mune dzimwe akaturikidzana - zvizhinji.
• Undifferentiated - nefuma iri vakaparadzira noruvara pamusoro yose profile.

horizons Profile

Also oga horizons zvikuru zvitatu akadai:

• Peat, organogenic. inotungamirwa Its kunoitika panyika panguva dzose zvakawandisa unyoro. A maitiro chinhu iri chaiyo Kuchengetedzwa Organic zvinhu zvisina kutendeuka kupinda manyowa uye haina kupiswa. Pamusoro Kuronga peat uswa, huni, chikwindi, lichen, Deciduous kana yakavhenganiswa. Zvasara chirimwa mavambo rirege aisa panze, pamwe rakachengetedzwa uye vakaisa chose.

• Nemarara matanda - ichi rukoko vakapfuma Organic zvinhu. simba rayo rinosvika masendimita makumi maviri. Chinosanganisira chirimwa residues rakaramba kwokutanga chimiro, isina kana zvachose manyowa.
• Pevhu rukoko - ichi pemvura jengachenga. inotungamirwa Its kunoitika pasi herbaceous miti. Vazhinji vhoriyamu ndiyo midzi miti.
• Manyowa jengachenga - rine 15-35 muzana Organic zvinhu. Zvinogona kuva unstructured kana Curd yakarongeka. Ivhu dema, mazhuschayasya nomuti mvura.
• Horizon tillable - inotungamirwa kwayo kwakabatana kubudiswa manyowa kana dambudziko akaturikidzana.
• Horizon manyowa - achiumbwa pasi pose ane ruvara rima, rine 15 muzana makemikari nyaya.
• Eluvial jengachenga - aumba pasi Organic horizons. Ivhu whitish, yakajekesa.
• Mineral jengachenga - nzvimbo yaro inotungamirwa - pakati chikamu profile. Zvichida illuvial, solonets, carbonate, munyu, gypsum, kana yakavhenganiswa.
• Gley jengachenga - kunonzi chicherwa. Órgãos kunoitika munguva kwenguva refu kana yechigarire kunyanyisa unyoro uye yakachena kukanganisika. Cho pajengachenga iri mikukutu dziberekane. Rinogona kuva yebhuruu, zvitema-pfumbu kana muorivhi kwerima guru.
• Parent zvinhu - dzinoratidzwa vakaderera yokuwana rokuparadza zvinhu pakugadzirwa nevhu.

ivhu ruvara

Soil jengachenga yaingowanikwa chikabviswa akadai ruvara zvavo, izvo kunoenderana Kuronga ivhu uye dzinotsanagura kwayo inotungamirwa.

• Black ivhu. zita iri ruvara kuti bvudzi rima uye shava nevhu. ruvara kwavo kunoenderana zviri manyowa kana mufudze. The zvakawanda nezvazvo muvhu, kuti zvasviba ruvara. Black ivhu anogona kupa yeimwe dzimwe zvicherwa, uye marasha-siyana mavambo.
• White ivhu uye mimwe ruvara chiedza zvenzwi. ruvara kwakadaro kunopa pasi reraimu, gypsum, Goldstone, soluble munyu, feldspar.
• Red ivhu kana mukati maro rinoungana simbi oxide. The yepepuru dziberekane inotengwa nokuda mukuru zviri manganese oxide, yero - hydroxides simbi.
• Ivhu noruvara rwebhuruu, zvitema uye mitema mavara. Izvi imhaka yokuti ivhu rine ferrous simbi akakura. kugutsikana Its muvhu - migumisiro yezvakaita anaerobic mamiriro (zvakawandisa mwando).

Chii inogona pajengachenga?

Kureba ichi zvayo wehunyambiri udzamu pachiso kusvika mubereki dombo panowanikwa. Siyana ivhu mhando vane simba zvakasiyana. Paavhareji, anoda kubatsira kubva makumi mana kusvika masendimita zana namakumi mashanu. Somuenzaniso, kana mamiriro zvakakomba zvakatipoteredza, ivhu inotungamirwa kwacho kunokanganisa yokumusoro chikamu padombo. Simba Ivhu kwakadaro rinosvika makumi maviri kusvika makumi matatu masendimita. Muna inowanzorimwa nzvimbo pasi gobvu uswa - maviri kana mazana matatu.

Simba nomumwe horizons kutonga ivhu tsika. Saka, munhu gobvu paiva manyowa dzinoratidzwa guru kumucheto zvinhu uye simba elution. Podzolic nevhu varombo zvinovaka muviri, saka vane zvishoma kukosha.

chernozems

Izvi zvinonyanya vadanana. Ivhu dema kare yakaumbwa kubva makobvu uswa pakavha, izvo kufa ose gore, uye pasi pokudzora noushamwari zhizha yaora kuumbika manyowa, inova nguva refu kuunganidza. Pari, ivhu rinenge vatema wakarimwa. Manyowa ivhu Profile ane zvinotevera mamiriro:

• Akanzwa inowanzorimwa, simba 3-4 masendimita.
• Pevhu - pakukwanisa kwayo ndiko 3-7 masendimita. Ine rima pfumbu ruvara uye akafa kana zvipenyu vakasara nemidzi ezviyo. rukoko urwu anogona kukudziridzwa kana mhandara nevhu.
• The manyowa jengachenga - simba rake 35-120 masendimita. Ine rima pfumbu ruvara yunifomu ruvara. Features dema pasi ivhu Profile racho chivako. Hazvina granular uye akasimba. The chikuru chinhu - kubereka.
• Zvinopfuura jengachenga kuti manyowa rukoko unotevera. Kukwanisa wayo 40-80 masendimita, ruvara - brownish-kuchena, yunifomu, mavara zvinooneka mitaro ine manyowa. Ine mafungu, lumpy mamiriro.
• Izvi jengachenga mhando ane subtypes. Vamwe vavo zvinogona kupatsanurwa illuvial- carbonate jengachenga pamwe brownish-yellow ruvara, uye prismatic marongerwo. Soil jengachenga inongova molehills. Vari azadzwa shava gobvu ichibva jengachenga akarara pasi. Zvinoitika kuti wormhole akazadzwa ivhu rima ruvara kubva okumusoro horizons.
• Matombo vanoumba ivhu. It ane whitish kana rakachenuruka yero ruvara uye prismatic marongerwo. Ivhu akasiyana pakadzika dzinoratidzwa carbonate munyu uye gypsum.

podzolic nevhu

Ivhu podsolic ivhu Profile achiumbwa panguva pamatunhu mwando. Typical ava ndiyo mhando dzakasiyana zvinomera. Zvakakurukurwa ivhu profile podzolic ivhu acidity. Naizvozvo, nokuda zvakakosha chaizvo microflora kuchinja izvi zvinhu kuti kubatanidzwa makemikari nyaya residues kuora pezvakaitwa. Horizons Profile podzolic nevhu ndeinotevera:

• Nemarara - simba masendimita maviri.
• Havaratidzi yaora chirimwa anoramba.
• Inclusion muchimiro mycelium. Soil ruvara chiedza mashava.
• Lumpy kana pulverulent ivhu chivako ane shava ruvara.
• Manyowa-kuwanda rukoko kukwanisa matatu masendimita.
• Podzolic rukoko pamwe chete simba.
• Kuchinja kubva variegated coloring rukoko kukwanisa mashanu masendimita.
• Illuvial layer pakukwanisa kwayo - 20-120 masendimita.
• The paiva mubereki zvinhu.

Izvi rwevhu musango kuva pasi wokubereka, manyowa rukoko iri kushanda hapana ivhu acidic kuita. Podzols regai rishandise hunyoro, kwete chete akapfuma zvinovaka muviri, izvo inobata chirimwa muviri uye kukura.