The chikuru mirayiridzo-shanduka. Kushanduka nemhuka

Mabviro upenyu uye ayo kukura kubva kare zvakandivhiringidza masayendisiti. Vanhu vagara akaedza kutaura zvakavanzika izvi, kuti nyika, saka unyatsonzwisisa oneka. emakore akatonga pfungwa nemaonero naMwari kwakabva Universe uye upenyu. Dzidziso yokushanduka-shanduka uyewo akava nzvimbo yapamberi chikuru uye chinonyanya fungidzira shanduro hwose pasi pano munguva pfupi yadarika. Huru mbuva akagadzira naCharles Darwin vari pakati XIX remakore. Kwakatevedzana remakore akapa nyika yakawanda Zvakawanikwa mu genetics uye zvipenyu, izvo zvakaita kuti tikwanise kuratidza kururama kwemashoko yaDarwin, kuikudziridza, pamwe chete mashoko matsva. Saka munhu chakaita zvokugadzirwa nedzidziso yemhindumupindu. It wefodya zvose pfungwa yakakurumbira aiongorora uye migumisiro kwesainzi munzvimbo dzakasiyana kubva genetics kuti ikoroji.

Kubva vanhu kukirasi

Biological shanduka inomiririra nhoroondo Kushanduka zvipenyu kwakavakirwa nemamwe nemagene mashoko kwacho kushanda mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu.

The kutanga kwekupwanyiwa kusanduka, pakupedzisira zvichiita kuti chidzoke imwe mhando itsva - ndiko microevolution. Kuchinja kwakadaro kuunganidza pamusoro nguva uye vanoguma wezvamatongerwe itsva yepamusoro pamwero sangano zvipenyu, genus, mhuri, kirasi. Education supra-hurongwa dzinonzi macroevolution.

zvakafanana pezvakaitwa

Both siyana vari zvikurukuru zvakafanana chokubuda. The kutyaira Mauto uye micro- uye makroizmeneny vari dzinongoitika selection, kusurukirwa, nhodzera, kushanduka. The zvinokosha kusiyana maviri pezvakaitwa ndechokuti pakati akasiyana kwemarudzi kutonetsa kuyambuka. Somugumisiro, hwaro macroevolution chinhu interspecific vakasarudzwa. Microevolution kukuru mupiro kuita vakasununguka kupanana magene mashoko pakati vanhu zvakafanana kwemarudzi.

The convergence uye kusiyana uku kunoita unhu

The chikuru mirayiridzo-shanduka munogona dzakawanda. Simba tsime zvakasiyana-siyana - chiratidzo siyana. It unoshanda mukati imwe rudzi, uye panguva dzakakwirira kwevari sangano. zvezvakatipoteredza ezvinhu uye zvakasikwa vakasarudzwa inotungamirira kuparadzana rimwe boka maviri kana kupfuura chaiwo dzakasiyana zvinhu. At padanho kwemarudzi siyana zvinogona kuchinjwa. Panyaya iyi, rekuUnited vanhu batanidza kupinda chimwe. At yakakwirira zvese, zvichiitika kusingarapiki.

Chimwe chimiro - phyletic shanduka, zvichireva mhando kushanduka pasina voga mukati wacho vanhu. Nerimwe boka idzva iri muzukuru yapfuura kwaizotevera tateguru.

rakakura kusiyana upenyu uye zvinoita convergence kana "convergence" zvinhu. Kukura kunoita chokuita mapoka zvipenyu pasi pokudzora kwomudzimu ezvinhu chete zvakatipoteredza, mitumbi yakafanana achiumbwa vanhu. Vane yakafanana yakarongeka, asi zvakasiyana mavambo uye vanoita anongoda rakafanana.

Pakazosvika convergence riri pedyo chaizvo parallelism - mufananidzo shanduka, apo pakutanga diverging boka ikabuda nenzira yakafanana pasi pokudzora chete ezvinhu. Convergence uye parallelism rinokamukana mutsetse zvakanaka naka, uye zviri nyore vanoti shanduka imwe boka zvipenyu kuti chimiro chimwe.

zvoutachiona mberi

The chikuru mirayiridzo-shanduka yakatanga dzaitaurwa mabasa AN Severtsova. Akapa kupa pfungwa chaivo mberi. In mabasa musayendisiti paanotanga nzira kuita izvozvo, uyewo nzira huru uye mirayiridzo-shanduka. Ideas dzakabudirira Severtsova II Shmal'gauzen.

The chikuru mirayiridzo-shanduka ari makemikari nyika, nevamwe nemasayendisiti - iri chaivo mberi, regression uye Kudzikamiswa. Kwemazita zviri nyore kunzwisisa sei zvakasiyana azvaiitwa nepedyo. Progress inotungamirira nokuumbwa itsva zvatariswa kuti vawedzere ukuru kuchinjira kumamiriro kwezvakatipoteredza. Regression runoratidzwa mukuderedza kukura kwayo kusiyana neboka, zvichitungamirira pakupedzisira kuti kutsakatika. Kudzikamiswa kunosanganisira asunga vawana maitiro uye kuchinjwa kwavo kubva kumarudzi namarudzi ari pazera asingachinji ezvinhu.

In rakatetepa Mupfungwa, kureva huru mitsetse makemikari shanduka, inoreva zvoutachiona mberi uye ayo nezvimiro.

Pane nzira nhatu dzinonyanya kuti vabudirire chaivo mberi:

• arogenez;
• allogenez;
• katagenesis.

arogenez

Izvi zvinoita kuti tikwanise kuwedzera mukuru pamwero sangano pamusana paumbwe aromorphosis. Tinopa kuziva chii chinorehwa ichi izwi. Saka, aromorphosis - mirayiridzo yemhindumupindu kunotungamirira Qualitative shanduko zvipenyu, achiperekedzwa kwavo kuwedzera kunzwisisa uye kuwedzera adaptive zvivako. Somugumisiro kuchinja marongerwo anova zvikuru nokushanda kwenhengo vanhu, vanokwanisa kushandisa itsva, kare untapped zvinhu. Somugumisiro, zvipenyu zviduku zviri mupfungwa yakati akasununguka kubva dzezvakatipoteredza ezvinhu. At yakakwirira pamwero sangano adaptations yavo zvikurukuru nokudenga, achipa kukwanisa kuva ega ambient ezvinhu.

A wakanaka muenzaniso aromorphosis is kweropa negadziriro vertebrates vari: chidzoke edzimba zvina mumoyo, uye kuparadzana maviri riparadzirwe - huru neduku. Evolution zvinomera kunoratidzwa chinokosha achikwakuka mberi pamusana paumbwe mukume chubhu uye mbeu. Aromorphoses kutungamirira chidzoke idzva taxonomic dzakabatana: makirasi, madhipatimendi, marudzi uye kunzvimbo.

Aromorphosis pana Severtsov munhu dererei shanduka chaiyo. Kunoratidza morphophysiological mberi, izvo zvinozoita parura mberi zvavo zvipenyu, achiperekedzwa chinokosha rokuwedzera adaptive mapazi.

mumagariro aromorphosis

Kufunga nhungamiro yemhindumupindu vevanhu, mamwe masayendisiti vakasuma pfungwa "munzanga aromorphosis". Vari akasarudzwa yezvisikwa kuchinja kukura evanhu zvipenyu uye avo hurongwa, zvichiguma kunzwisisa, anochinjika mukuru uye kuwedzera tose munzanga. Kuwanda aromorphoses dzakadaro inosanganisira Somuenzaniso, kuti chidzoke wenyika, kudhinda uye kombiyuta rwokugadzira.

allogenez

The kuchinja zvishoma akaumba uye munyika yose hunhu weboka chaivo mberi. Ndivo musimboti allogenez. In mirayiridzo iyi yemhindumupindu (ona tafura pazasi) pane musiyano chinokosha kuna aromorphosis iri. Hazvina kuwedzera huwandu musangano. The chikuru mugumisiro allogenez - nayo idioadaptation. Kutaura zvazviri, inomiririra kukwana shanduko, nokuda izvo muviri rinogadzirirwa kujairana zvimwe zvinhu. mutsetse uyu makemikari shanduka runoita zvakafanana mhando kurarama zvakasiyana chaizvo tsaukana nzvimbo.

Achirova muenzaniso yakadai kwacho - mhuri pamapere. mhando dzacho vanowanikwa siyana okunze dzinodengenyeka. Mumwe ane dzakananga akagadzirwa adaptations kuti zvakavapoteredza, apo haina kunyanya zvikuru mumwe mhando sangano chechetere.

Masayendisiti ziva mhando dzakawanda idioadaptatsy:

• chimiro (semuenzaniso, a streamlined muviri waterfowl);
• ruvara (pano kureva mimicry, chokudzivirira uye unodzivirira dziberekane) ;
• rutoto;
• pamusoro rwokufamba (Kamudzira waterfowl, shiri dzedenga bhegi);
• kuchinjira kumamiriro dzezvakatipoteredza ezvinhu.

Kusiyana aromorphosis uye idioadaptation

Mamwe masayendisiti havabvumirani Severtsov uye havaoni chikonzero kwakakwanira kuzivisisa idioadaptatsy uye aromorphoses. Vanodavira kuti papi mberi kunogona kuongororwa chete pashure rebei nguva pashure kuchinja kunoitika. Kutaura chokwadi zvakaoma kuziva kuti chii shanduka pezvakaitwa kuguma unhu hutsva kana dzakabudirira kugona.

Vateveri Severtsova vanowanzomuitira kufunga kuti anofanira kunzwisiswa nenzira idioadaptatsy rokuchinja muviri chimiro, kunyanya kukura kana zvinoderedza kuti mitumbi. Aromorphoses uyewo zvinomiririra zvinokosha kuchinja embryo kukura uye kuumbwa pezvivako zvitsva.

catagenesis

Biological shanduka anogona kuitika uye anoitwa maumbirwo zvipenyu. Kunyatsovira - zvachose degeneration muitiro inotungamirira vasanyanye sangano zvipenyu. The chikuru mugumisiro mirayiridzo iyi shanduka (Table kuenzanisa vatatu nzira dziri pazasi) ndiro chidzoke kunzi chinyakare katamorfozov kana zviratidzo zviri kutsiva vakarasika mberi. Mienzaniso zvipenyu vakapfuura danho zvakajairika degeneration, ungava ani chisvetasimba. Kazhinji kacho, ivo havachakwanisi kuzvimirira racho, havana zvakawanda zvikuru huta uye kweropa nehurongwa. Asi pane zvakasiyana-siyana mano kuti Implementation nani pamuviri hondo uye aida zviremera zvakakodzera.

reshiyo

The chikuru mirayiridzo-shanduka vari interconnected uye mukufamba nhoroondo kukura kugara kutsiva mumwe. Pashure inokosha kuchinja muchimiro aromorphosis kana degeneration nezvenguva apo mutsva boka zvipenyu anotanga delaminate somugumisiro kukura kwayo yoga zvikamu zvakasiyana nenzvimbo nzvimbo. Evolution anotanga idioadaptatsy. Papera nguva, ari akazviunganidzira kuchinja kutungamirira itsva Qualitative achikwakuka.

Vatungamirire shanduka zvinomera

Modern kasvisto haazorambi kuonekwa pakarepo. Kufanana zvinenge zvose, yava nepaImba refu nzira okukura. Evolution zvinomera raisanganisira pakuunganidza aromorphoses zvinokosha zvakawanda. Wokutanga izvi kwaiva kwaita photosynthesis kuti akabvumira yakasarira zvinenge vanoshandisa simba chezuva. Zvishoma nezvishoma, somugumisiro rokuchinja Morphology uye photosynthetic zvivako chero algae.

Danho rakatevera raiva kukura munyika. For vakabudirira okuguma "basa" akatora mumwe aromorphosis - Kusiyanisa kuti munyama. Akazviratidza mosses, spore zvirimwa. Uyezve complicating sangano nokuda nedanho kuchinja uye nzira kubereka. Aromorphoses dzakadai ovule, mukume zviyo, uye pakupedzisira mbeu kunoratidzwa gymnosperms, evolutionarily zvikuru mberi pane spore.

Next, nzira uye vatungamirire shanduka zvinomera kutamira kune imwe kwadzakabva mukuru kuna kwezvakatipoteredza ezvinhu, vachiwedzera kuramba nezvavanosangana zvinhu. Somugumisiro ari kwaita nomutsi muduri uye nembeu rukoko kuumbwa maruva miti, kana angiosperms, nhasi vachingotya zvipenyu mberi.

mhuka umambo

eukaryotes Evolution (sero eukaryotic unotora wakashongedzwa chinoumba) pamwe heterotrophic mhando simba nerubatsiro (kwete kusika heterotrophs organics Via chemo- kana photosynthesis) uyewo tanga zvinyama Kusiyanisa pamwe. Coelenterates varidzi rokutanga kuchikosha aromorphoses shanduka mune mhuka: mu embryo vari inoumbwa akaturikidzana maviri, ecto- uye endoderm. At rwakapoteredza uye sandara Makonye Murongerwo ndiko kunzwisisa. Ivo vanoonekwa ne wechitatu embryo mashizha, ari mesoderm. Aromorphosis Izvi zvinoita mberi Kusiyanisa kuti nyama uye nhengo dzose pakuonekwa.

The rakatevera Danho - paumbwe yechipiri mhango muviri uye mberi kupatsanura kuva zvikamu. Annelids vanotova parapodium (chinyakare mhando Chokwadi) uyewo kweropa uye kufema nehurongwa. Unoponesa parapodial mune zvine makumbo uye dzimwe kuchinja zvimwe zvakakonzera chidzoke ari mhando arthropods. Vasunungurwa zvipembenene vakatanga kushingaira kuva panyika nokuda kwaita embryo membranes. Nhasi vari zvikuru dzakashandisa upenyu panyika.

aromorphoses zvakadai guru sezvo wezvamatongerwe Chord pakati Neural chubhu, ari abdominal yeropa uye mwoyo, vakaita zvibvire chidzoke mhando chordates. Nemhaka vakawanda mberi kuchinja kusiyana zvipenyu, vaisanganisa nehove, nezvinokambaira uye amniotes. Recent nemhaka embryo membranes kwenguva kuvimba nemvura uye vakasiya kuti dziome nyika.

Uyezve shanduka anozunungusa akananga kuchinja kweropa hurongwa. Kune mhuka inodziya-ropa rechiJudha chairo. Adaptations yokutizira kwakaita kuti chidzoke shiri. Aromorphoses akadai mana chambered mwoyo uye kunyangarika rworudyi kutsemuka chematenga, kuwedzera hunoita nhengo nhatu hemispheres uye cortex kukura, paumbwe jasi uye mammary omumuviri uye vanoverengeka kuchinja zvakatungamirira kuti kwaita mhuka. Pakati pavo akamira ari shanduka mhuka placental, uye nhasi vari ezvinhu zvipenyu mberi.

Direction yemhindumupindu vevanhu

Mubvunzo matangiro uye shanduka madzitateguru evanhu ano akadzidza kusvikira kwazvo. Nemhaka Zvakawanikwa paleontology uye kuenzaniswa genetics kwakachinja vatotanga pfungwa dzedu "muti mhuri." Makore 15 akapfuura predominated maonero kuti Kushanduka hominids akafamba munhu Linear mhando, kureva zvinosanganisira kutevedzana kwezviitiko anotevedzana zvikuru dzakabudirira siyana: Australopithecus, Homo habilis, archanthropines, Neanderthal (paleanthropic) neanthropines (ano murume). The chikuru mirayiridzo yacho shanduka womunhu, sezvakaita vamwe Utachiona, akatungamirira kuti paumbwe adaptations itsva, nokumutsa sangano.

Zvisinei, The Data vakawana mumakore 10-15 makore, vakaita zvinhu zvikuru muna hunotovapo mufananidzo. New anowana uye kudanana yakanatswa kunoratidza kuti dzidziso yakanga zvikuru kunzwisisa. Subfamily Homininae (rinoreva mhuri hominids) wakagumira panofanira zvinenge kaviri sezvo zhinji mhando pane kare akafunga. Evolution haana akapfeka Linear hunhu, uye yaiva akawanda panguva imwe chete kuva mitsetse kana mapazi, mberi uye deadlock. Panguva dzakasiyana-siyana hwakagara matatu kana mana kana kupfuura mhuka. ichi kusiyana aienda rakanga nokuda misha yacho evolutionarily zvikuru yepamusoro mapoka mamwe, zvishoma dzakabudirira. Somuenzaniso, zvinonzi ikozvino kugamuchirwa kazhinji kuti Neanderthals uye vanhu ano vakararama panguva imwe chete. First vaiva madzitateguru edu, asi yakafanana bazi, iyo yakatsiva zvikuru yepamusoro vamiririri hominin.

budiriro kuchinja

Hapana mubvunzo kuramba huru aromorphoses zvakazoita kuti kufara subfamily. Izvi akarurama mamiriro uye nokuwedzera muuropi. Zvikonzero nokuumbwa masayendisiti yokutanga havabvumirani. Kwenguva refu zvaifungwa kuti chaiva zvakafanira nechiyero, zvakakodzera kuti pave yakazaruka dzezvimwe. Zvisinei, zvichangobva Data zvinoratidza kuti madzitateguru evanhu akafamba pamusoro makumbo maviri munguva upenyu mumiti. Mano ichi akauya kwavari pakarepo pashure kuparadzana kubva chimupanze mutsetse. Mune imwe shanduro hominin pakutanga vakatamira akaita orangutans ano, akamira netsoka vose nomusi iwoyo bazi uye vakabata maoko rumwe.

uropi kukura kwakaitika mumatanho dzakawanda. Iye kutanga kuva pamusoro Homo habilis (Homo habilis), uyo akadzidza kuti nyore zvokushandisa. Kukura bhuku uropi rakaenderana nokuwedzera kuwanda nyama iri hominin zvokudya. Habilis, sezviri pachena vakanga scavengers. Zvichitevera nokuwedzera muuropi kwakanga zvakare pamwe nokuwedzera kwenhamba mhuka zvokudya uye Resettlement wamadzibaba edu mhiri womunyika kondinendi African. Masayendisiti zvinoratidza kuti kuwedzera kuwanda nyama zvokudya Rinobatanidzwa ne kudikanwa zadzai simba mari, vachisiya kwerunyararo basa uropi yakawedzera. Anofungidzirwa, rinotevera padariro izvi rakaenderana kukura moto: yakabikwa zvokudya hakusi chete quality, asiwo macalorie, mukuwedzera, yekudyidzana akaderedza nguva inodiwa kuti dög.

The chikuru mirayiridzo-shanduka ari makemikari nyika, achiita kwemazana emakore, akaumba ano kasvisto uye miti nemhuka zvakazonaka. Movement kurutivi muitiro kuchinja kuchinja mamiriro ezvakatipoteredza kwakatungamirira wakakura-siyana muupenyu siyana. The chikuru mirayiridzo-shanduka vakafanana ose kwevari sangano, sezvinoratidzwa Data zvipenyu, ikoroji uye genetics.