The vakatanga Dynamite - Nobel. Nhoroondo nokugadzirwa kwakaitwa Dynamite

Alfred Bernhard Nobel - Swedish kemisiti, injiniya uye industrialist uyo tega Dynamite uye kupfuura simba zvinoputika, uye akatanga Nobel Prize.

Biography

The ramangwana vakatanga Dynamite Alfred Nobel akazvarwa Stockholm (muSweden) 21/10/1833. Aiva mwanakomana rechina Imanueri uye Caroline Nobel. Emmanuel aiva injiniya uyo akaroorwa Carolina Andrietta Alzel muna 1827. Vaviri ava vakava nevana vasere, avo hama nhatu chete Alfred uye akura. Somwana, Nobel akanga kazhinji achirwara, asi kubvira vachiri vaduku akaratidza zvine kuziva. Iye aifarira zvinoputika uye akadzidza zvinokosha engineering kubva baba vake. The baba, Zvichakadai, akatadza siyana yezvokutengeserana mabhizimisi, nepo muna 1837 akatamira St. Petersburg, kwaakabereka inobudirira Mugadziri zvimbambaira uye zvokushandisa.

kurarama kwose

Muna 1842, mhuri Nobel akasiya Stockholm kubatana baba vake St. Petersburg. Alfred vabereki vakapfuma zvino vava kukwanisa kunopinza vadzidzisi ake dzakavanzika uye aiva nomwoyo wose mudzidzi. By makore 16 akava Nobel nomazvo kemisiti, achinyatsogona Chirungu, German, French uye mitauro Russian.

Muna 1850, Alfred akasiya Russia kupedza gore kuParis achidzidza kemisitiri, uye ipapo makore mana muUnited States, kushanda dzichitungamirirwa Dzhona Eriksona, mubasa pakusikwa chigadzirwe Monitor. Adzokera St. Petersburg, akashanda ari fekitari yababa vake, kubudisa uto midziyo panguva Crimean War. Pakapera ruvengo muna 1856, boka kwakaoma yezwi kugadzirwa midziyo zvikepe uye akaenda kusauka muna 1859,

Bet pamusoro nitroglycerin

The ramangwana vakatanga Dynamite muRussia haana kugara uye vakadzokera Sweden nevabereki vake nehama dzake Robert uye Ludwig akasarudza kuponesa vakasara mubhizimisi remhuri. nokukurumidza Alfred akatanga kushandisa zvinoputika murabhoritari duku munda baba vake. Panguva iyoyo, mashoko chete zvinoputika zvakavimbika kushandiswa mumigodhi, aiva upfu dema. The richangobva akasika mvura nitroglycerine yakanga zvikuru simba zvikuru, asi akanga kusagadzikana kuti aisagona kupa chero chipi kuchengeteka. Kunyange zvakadaro, muna 1862 Nobel akavaka duku fekitari nokuda kwayo kugadzirwa, patinenge tichiitisa kutsvakurudza tarisiro yokuwana nzira kudzora detonation kwayo.

Muna 1863, iye tega rinoshanda detonator zvinosanganisira emapuranga plugs akaiswa munzvimbo huru mutariri nitroglycerin, kunochengetwa simbi mugaba. Nokuputika mhosva duku upfu dzevatema chivharo kuti putitsa rakasimba zvikuru nebasa emura zvinoputika. Izvi chakaratidza kutanga detonator Nobel mukurumbira somunhu muvambi, uyewo ake ezvinhu, iye achava akaigadzira zvinoputika.

Muna 1865, Alfred hwakavandudzwa detonator chivharo, iro raiva duku chesimbi chivharo aine mutariri pamusoro mekuri fulminate, kurerutsa chero kurohwa kana mwero kudziyisa. kuvamba ichi kwaiva kutanga kushandiswa ano zvinoputika.

tsaona

Zvisinei, nitroglycerin pacharo, zvakanga zvakaoma kutakura, uye zvaiva nengozi chaizvo kubata. Saka ngozi kuti Nobel chirimwa zvakaputika 1864, kuuraya Emil nevamwe munin'ina wake. Vasingatyi iri Tsaona, Alfred akavaka mafekitari akawanda kuti kugadzirwa nitroglycerine nokuda capsules ake. Makambani aya vakanga vakachengeteka zvakadaro, saka kusvikira ruzivo nguva, asi apo neapo kuputika rakaramba richiuya.

vanobudirira tsaona

Chimwe yakagadzirwa chinokosha aiva Nobel Dynamite. Muna 1867, iye netsaona akaziva kuti nitroglycerin wefodya chose nokuda porous silica, uye kunoguma musanganiswa yakanga yakachengeteka zvikuru kushandisa uye nyore kubata. Alfred - ivo vakatanga Dynamite (kubva muchiGiriki δύναμις, «simba") - akagashira chinhu bvumidzwa muUnited Kingdom (1867) uye USA (1868). Zvinoputika vakarumbidza musiki wake munyika, uye munguva pfupi akatanga kushandiswa paakapa pamusoro tunnels uye migero, kuvaka njanji uye migwagwa.

nenyunje gelatin

Muna 1870-80-ies pamusoro vakatanga Dynamite Alfred Nobel akavaka muEurope richikurukura mafekitari kuti pagadzirwe zvinoputika uye makaumba yemakambani richikurukura kutengesera. Iyewo akaramba kuedza kuwana zvakanakisisa pavo, uye muna 1875 akasika munhu kupfuura simba muchimiro Dynamite, nenyunje gelatin, raakanga patented rakatevera gore. Zvakare iye netsaona vakaona kuti musanganiswa mhinduro ine nitroglycerin ine unzenza fibrous zvinhu inozivikanwa nitrocellulose, anoumba rimwe gobvu epurasitiki zvinhu rine yakakwirira mvura nemishonga uye mukuru inokwana kuputika. Muna 1887, Nobel akabvuma munhu ballista nitroglycerin isina chiutsi upfu uye aizotangira kuti cordite. Kunyange zvazvo Alfred aiva patents kuti Dynamite nezvimwe zvinoputika, akanga ari vagare vachinetsana vakwikwidzi kuba michina yayo, izvo vakamumanikidza kuti kuitisa kuramba tichishanda bvumidzwa nharo kakawanda.

Mafuta, zvombo, upfumi

Nobel hama, Ludwig uye Robert, Zvichakadai, vakava minda chichangobva kuwanikwa mafuta pedyo Baku (zvino kuAzerbaijan) muGungwa reCaspian, uye vane vanova vapfumi zvikuru varume. Sale vakapoteredza nyika zvinoputika, uyewo kuita hama 'kambani muRussia akauya Alfred mhanza hombe. Muna 1893, ivo vakatanga Dynamite vanofarira muchiuto indasitiri wokuSweden, uye gore rakatevera vakatenga simbi foundry muna Bofors, pedyo Värmland, iyo yakava pakati rinozivikanwa fekitari maoko. Kunze zvinoputika, Nobel akazogadzira zvimwe zvinhu zvizhinji zvakadai chakagadzirwa nesirika nematehwe, uye vose zvavo, yava vakanyorwa anopfuura 350 patents munyika dzakasiyana.

Hwokuzvinyima, munyori, pacifist

The vakatanga Dynamite, Nobel akanga kunzwisisa unhu zvaainge venguva yake. Nepo ebhizimisi akabvunza kuti akapotsa kugara anofambira, akaramba ari yoga munamati, akanga asingatani kudhakwa mwoyo. Alfred akatungamirira yatisingaonekwi uye nyore upenyu, aiva munhu anozviramba tsika, asi aigona kuva noruremekedzo hondo uye muteereri akanaka, uye munhu rakapinza pfungwa.

The vakatanga Dynamite, akanga asina kumboroora, uye sezviri pachena vaida mufaro okugadzira zvinhu kutorwa. Aiva unopfuura kufarira mabhuku, akanyora dambe, enganonyorwa uye nhetembo, anenge ose akasara unpublished. Akanga zvinoshamisa simba, uye zvakanga zvisiri nyore kuzorora shure basa rakaoma. Mumarudzi ake, ainakidzwa mukurumbira sezvo kusununguka kana mugovanisi, asi chokwadi haana kuvimba gutsaruzhinji, rwairwa nevakadzi suffrage uye akatsigira akapfava paternalism pachinhu vashandi vayo vakawanda. Kunyange zvazvo Swedish vakatanga Dynamite, ndizvo chaizvoizvo munhu pacifist, uye akaratidza tariro kuti simba rokuparadza zvaakasika kuchabatsira hwogumisa kuti hondo, maonero aanoita vanhu uye marudzi aiva tariro.

The Will Chishamiso

By 1895 Alfred yakatanga angina, uye 10 December inotevera gore akafa chepfungwa ropa panguva yake Villa muSan Remo (Italy). Panguva ino yebhizimisi umambo Nobel raisanganisirei vanopfuura 90 nembesa kugadzirwa zvinoputika uye zvombo. kuda kwake, akambochera muParis pamusoro 27.11.1895 uye iiswe bhengi Stockholm, yaiva kushamisika guru kuti mhuri yake, shamwari uye voruzhinji. The vakatanga Dynamite kwagara rupo zvokuyamura uye kwesayenzi masangano, uye vakawanda mamiriro andisiya mu kuvimba kusimbisa hwainyanya kukosheswa yemarudzi mubayiro, Nobel Prize.

Death Deathdealer

Mumwe anogona chete zvokufungidzira pamusoro zvikonzero chisarudzo chakadaro. Akanga kuvanza uye havana kuudza munhu pamusoro chero zvayo chisarudzo mwedzi yose yapfuura rufu rwake. Chinonyanya anobata ndiyo kubvuma kuti chinoshamisa chakaitika muna 1888 angadaro akaita cheni kufungisisa kuti kwakatungamirira kuda kwake. Muna mukoma gore iroro Alfred Ludwig akafa panguva yavaigara Cannes, France. Nhau French yakashuma rufu munin'ina wake, asi yake kuvhiringidzika pamwe Alfred, uye mumwe pepanhau akabuda waiti "The achitengesa rufu wafa." Zvichida vakatanga Dynamite, akasimbisa mibayiro kuitira kudzivisa chaiyo pamusoro posthumous nomukurumbira mhando ichi, akaratidza izvi kukurumidza obituary. Zviri pachena kuti pakagadzwa mibayiro vanoratidza kufarira kwaanoita kemisitiri, wefizikisi, physiology uye mabhuku. Panewo zvakawanda hwokuti ake ushamwari vakakurumbira yeAustria pacifist Bertha of Suttner akafemera kuti kusika Peace Prize.

Zvisinei, Nobel pachake, chinoramba munhu azere kutsanangura uye kuzvipokanidza: kwakajeka yoga murume, muchidimbu, uye pamwe tariro idealist uyo akazogadzira simba zvinoputika kushandiswa muhondo dzemazuva ano, uye akasimbisa kwazvo nomukurumbira mubayiro munyika rezvedzidzo akuitira chavanhu.