Biophysics - sayenzi Biological iri .... samolecular biophysics

Chimwe chesayenzi yekare ndechokuti, hongu, biology. Kufarira kwevanhu mumitambo inoitika mukati mavo pachavo uye zvisikwa zvakapoteredza, zvakasimuka zviuru zvuru zvemakore zvisati zvamboitika.

Kucherechedza kwemhuka, zvisikwa, maitiro ezvisikwa zvaive chikamu chinokosha chehupenyu hwevanhu. Nekufamba kwenguva nguva zivo yakawanda yakawanda, yakagadziridzwa uye yakagadziridzwa nzira dzekudzidza mararamiro ehupenyu uye nzira dzinoitika mazviri. Izvi zvakaita kuti kubuda kwezvikamu zvakawanda zvinoumba sesa rakaoma mune zvose.

Kutsvakurudza kwehupenyu mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzehupenyu hunotibvumira kuwana ruzivo rutsva rwekukosha, zvinokosha kuti tinzwisise zvipenyu zvepasi. Shandisa zivo iyi kuitira zvinoshanda (nzvimbo yekuongorora, mishonga, zvekurima, makemikari indasitiri nezvakadaro).

Mazuva ano Biology

Nhasi, kubudirira kweSayenzi yakawanda inoita kuti zvikwanisike kuwana zvibereko zvizhinji zvakanaka. Nokudaro, sainzi yemazuva ano inopa mhinduro dzakawanda dzezvinetso zvezvirwere zvevanhu zvichibva pamigumisiro yezvirwere uye mabhakitiriya. Yakave yakakwanisa kugara mukunze pasina kukanganisa kwehutano kwemwedzi inenge mitatu, apo uchishandura semhepo inokonzera michina yeiyojeni kana michina yeunicellular.

Zvakawanda zvakawanikwa zvakaita kuti zvive nyore kuita tsvakurudzo yezvinyorwa mumamiriro ekugadzirisa mukati uye kushanda kwezvirongwa zvehupenyu hwose. Maumbirwo emakemikari ezvisikwa, microstructure yavo, akadzidza uye akadzidza majini akawanda kubva kumarudzi evanhu nemhuka, mbeu. Izvo zvakakosha zve biotechnology, masero uye genetic engineering inobvumira kuwana michero yakawanda yezvirimwa pamwaka, pamwe nekudyara kwemhuka dzinopa nyama, mukaka namazai.

Kuongorora kwehutachiona kwakaita kuti zvive nyore kuwana mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya uye kugadzira huwandu uye mazana emishonga inobvumira kukunda zvirwere zvakawanda, kunyange izvo zvisati zvaitika zviuru zvemararamiro evanhu nemhuka zvakatakurwa nehosha dzakazara.

Nokudaro, sayenzi yemazuva ano yezvinyorwa ndeye mikana isina kukwana yevanhu mumatazi akawanda esayenzi, makambani uye kuchengetedzwa kwehutano.

Chirongwa chezvidzidzo zvezvinyorwa

Chimwe chezvikamu zvekutanga zvakabuda zvikamu zvepachipiri zvesainzi yebhaibheri. Zvakadai semabhodhoro, zvinyorwa zvezvinyorwa, anatomy uye systematics. Gare gare yakatanga kuumba zvakanyanya kuvimba nemishonga yekugadzirisa chirongwa - microbiology, virology, physiology nezvimwe zvakadaro.

Kune huwandu hwesayenzi hwechidiki uye hunobudirira hwakatangwa chete muzana remakore rechi20-XXI uye huine basa rinokosha mukuvandudza kwemazuva ano kwehupenyu.

Icho hachisi chimwe chete, asi zvinyorwa zvitsva, izvo zvidzidzo zvehupenyu zvinogona kuverengwa. Nyaya dzazvo dzinonakidza mumatambudziko ose, funga imwe yeiyo.

Nokudaro, takaedza kuvhara zvakasiyana-siyana zvakasiyana-siyana zvesayenzi yezvinyorwa. Izvi zvinongororwa nekugadzirwa kwemaitiro uye nzira dzekudzidza dziri kuwedzera, kuzadza zvakare. Nokudaro, rimwe boka remaitiro ehupenyu hahuripo nhasi.

Progressive biosciences uye zvavanoreva

Mudiki, wemazuva ano uye sciences inopfuurira yehupenyu yakadai se:

• Biotechnology;
• Molecular biology;
• Space biology;
• Biophysics;
• Biochemistry.

Chimwe nechimwe chezvesa idzi chakaumbwa kwete mberi kwezana remakore rechimakumi maviri, uye naizvozvo zvakakodzera kufungidzirwa kuva jaya, kunyatsokura nekusimbisa uye zvakakosha kune basa rinobatsira revanhu.

Regai tigare pane imwe yadzo, sa biophysics. Iyo isayenzi yakaratidzwa munenge muna 1945 uye ikava chikamu chinokosha chehupenyu hwose hwehupenyu.

Chii chinonzi biophysics?

Kuti tipindure mubvunzo uyu, mumwe munhu anofanira kutanga atanga kutaura naye kushamwaridzana kwekemistri uye biology. Mune dzimwe nyaya, miganhu iri pakati pezvesayenzi iri pedyo zvikuru zvokuti zvakaoma kunzwisisa kuti ndeipi iyo inobatanidzwa zvakananga uye inokosha. Saka, kuongorora biophysics isayenzi yakaoma iyo inodzidza zvakadzika zvemuviri nemakemikari zvinowanikwa mumararamiro ehupenyu pahuwandu hwemashure maviri, masero, nhengo, uye nehuwandu hweBiosphere yose.

Kungofanana nedzimwewo, biophysics isayenzi ine chinhu chayo chekudzidza, zvinangwa uye zvinangwa, pamwe nemigumisiro yakakodzera uye inogutsa. Mukuwedzera, chirango ichi chakanyatsobatana nemamwe mazano matsva.

Zvinhu zvekutsvakurudza

Izvo zve biophysics ndezvezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana pamasangano ehurongwa.

1. Minorganisms (mabhakitiriya, mavairasi, fungus unicellular uye algae).
2. Mhuka dzakanakisa.
3. Masero ega ega uye zvikamu zvaro (organelles).
4. Zvirimwa.
5. Mhuka (kusanganisira vanhu).
6. Zvakatipoteredza.

Izvi zvinoreva kuti biophysics ndeyekudzidza kwevapenyu kubva pakuona kwezvinhu zvinoitika mukati maro.

Basa re sayenzi

Pakutanga, mabasa e biophysicist aifanira kuratidza kuvapo kwezvinhu zvepanyama uye zviratidzo mumabasa anokosha ehupenyu hwevanhu uye kuvadzidza, kuziva chimiro uye kukosha.

Zvinetso zvemazuva ano zvesayenzi zvinogona kuumbwa sezvinotevera:

1. Kudzidza nekugadzirwa kwemajini nemaitiro anosangana nekutumira kwavo uye kuchengetedza, kuchinja-chinja (kuchinja).
2. Chimbofunga zvinhu zvakawanda zvemasikirwo emagetsi (kushandiswa kwemasero kune mumwe nemumwe, chromosomal uye mageneti ekubatana uye mamwe maitiro).
3. Kudzidza, mukuoma kwakaoma nema molecular biology, molecule yemapolymers (proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides).
4. Ziva kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvinokonzerwa nemasikirwo emhepo panguva yezvinhu zvose zvemuviri nemakemikari mune zvisikwa zvipenyu.
5. Kunyatsojekesa nzira dze photobiology (photosynthesis, photoperiodism, nezvakadaro).
6. Kutanga nekuvandudza nzira dzemasvomhu yekufananidzira.
7. Isa mhinduro ye nanotechnology kuti udzidze maitiro ehupenyu.

Kubva pane zvakarongwa izvi zviri pachena kuti biophysics inodzidza matambudziko makuru uye makuru evanhu vemazuva ano, uye migumisiro yemabasa esayenzi inokosha zvikuru kune munhu noupenyu hwake.

Nhoroondo yekuumbwa

Semasayenzi, biophysics yakaberekerwa munguva pfupi yapfuura-muna 1945, apo Erwin Schrodinger akabudisa basa rake "Chii chinonzi upenyu kubva pakuona kwefizikiki." Ndiye iye akatanga kucherechedza uye akaratidza kuti mitemo yakawanda yefizikiki (thermodynamic, mitemo ye quantum mechanics) inoitika nenzira chaiyo mubasa rinokosha uye basa rezvipenyu zvevanhu vari vapenyu.

Kutenda kumabasa omunhu uyu, sayenzi ye biophysics yakatanga kushandiswa kwakasimba. Zvisinei, kunyange kare, muna 1922, Russia yakagadzira Institute of Biophysics, inotungamirirwa naPP Lazarev. Iko, iyo huru iyo inopiwa kuongororwa kwechimiro chekushushikana mumatumbu uye nhengo. Chigumisiro chaiva chizivo chekukosha kweioni mune izvi.

Uyezve, zvimwe zvakawanikwa nevasayenderi vakasiyana-siyana zvinoita kuti zvive nyore kunzwisisa kuti biophysics isayenzi yakakwana, ine simba uye yakaoma, inofanirwa kuti inzwisise zvose zvinowanzoitika mumararamiro ehupenyu.

1. Galvani inozarura magetsi uye kukosha kwayo kwehupenyu huviri (bioelectricity).
2. AL Chizhevsky ndiye baba vezvikoro zvakasiyana-siyana vachidzidza simba rekugara panzvimbo yeBiosphere, pamwe neyonization radiation uye electro-hemodynamics.
3. Iyo yakanyatsogadziriswa yeprotein molecule yakadzidzwa chete mushure mekunge kuwanikwa kwe-X-ray kuparadzanisa nzira. Izvi zvakaitwa nemasayendisiti Peruz naKendryu (1962).
4. Mugore rimwe chete, nhatu-dimensional DNA yakagadzirwa (Maurice Wilkins).
5. Neer naZakman muna 1991 vakakwanisa kuvaka nzira yekugadzirisa nzvimbo yegetsi.

Uyewo zvimwe zvakawanda zvakawanikwa zvakabvumira sayenzi ye biophysics kuti iite nenzira yehuwandu hwakasimba uye huri kufambira mberi pakuvandudza nekugadzirisa.

Zvikamu zveBiophysics

Pane huwandu hwezvidzidzo zvinoumba svesayenzi. Ngationgororei zvakanyanya zvikuru kwavari.

1. Biophysics yezvinetso zvakakomba - inofunga nzira dzose dzakaoma dzekuzvidzivirira kwezvisikwa zvakawanda (systemogenesis, morphogenesis, synergogenesis). Uyewo, chirango ichi chinodzidza zvikamu zvechimiro chemuviri wehutano hwekugadzira uye kushanduka kwekushanduka-shanduka, maitiro ekusangana kwezvipenyu.
2. Bioacoustics uye biophysics yemasvomhu anotarisa - inodzidza manzwiro ezvirongwa zvezvisikwa zvipenyu (kuona, kunzwa, kugamuchira, kutaura nevamwe), nzira dzekuparidzira zviratidzo zvakasiyana-siyana. Inoshandisa nzira dzekushandura kwesimba paunonzwisisa maitiro ekunze (zvinokurudzira) nezvisikwa.
3. Dzidziso ye biophysics - inosanganisira nhamba-soro-sciences inobatanidzwa mukudzidza kwetrmodynamics yehupenyu hwehutano, kuvaka kwemasvomhu maitiro ezvimwe zvivako zvezvipenyu. Uyewo inofunga nezvekuita kinetic.
4. Molecular biophysics - inofunga nzira dzakadzama dzesangano rakarongeka uye kushanda kwezvinhu zvakadai seDNA, RNA, mapuroteni, polysaccharides. Ari kubatanidzwa mukugadzira mienzaniso nemifananidzo yakajeka yemamorelekemu, anofanotaura maitiro uye maitiro avo mumararamiro ehupenyu. Uyewo, chirango ichi chinovaka masayendisiti e-supramolecular uye submolecular kuti aone nzira yekugadzira nekushandura biopolymers mumaitiro ehupenyu.
5. Cell Biophysics. Anodzidza inonyanya kukosha maitiro emagetsi: kusiyana, kupatsanurana, kufarira uye biopotentials ye sangano re membrane. Kunyanya kukoshesa kunobhadharwa kune nzira dzekumhanya kwekutakura zvinhu, zvinogona kuenzaniswa, zvivako uye chimiro chemuviri uye zvikamu zvakapoteredza.
6. Biophysics of Metabolism. Izvo zvinonyanyogadziriswa pasi pekufungidzirwa ndezve photosynthesis, solarization uye kugadziriswa kwezvipenyu kune iyo, hemodynamics, kupisa kwekushisa, kushandiswa kwemasabolism, ionizing rayation effect.
7. Applied biophysics. Inoumbwa nedzidzo dzakasiyana-siyana: bioinformatics, biometrics, biomechanics, kudzidza kwekushanduka-shanduka uye ingeny, pathological (medical) biophysics. Zvinhu zvinoshandiswa zvinoshandiswa biophysics ndiyo musculoskeletal system, nzira dzekufamba, nzira dzekuziva vanhu nemamiriro ezvinhu. Chiremba chinonzi biophysics chinofanirwa kunyatsotarisirwa. Inotarisa maitiro ekurasika mune zvipenyu, nzira dzekugadzirisa zvikamu zvakakanganiswa zvemamolekemu kana zvivako, kana mubhadharo wavo. Anopa zvinhu zve biotechnology. Iyo inokosha zvikuru mukudzivirira kukura kwezvirwere, kunyanya mazamu, kubviswa kwavo uye kutsanangurwa kwezvikonzero zvekuita.
8. Biophysics yekugara - inotsvaga kukanganisa kwepanyama yemunharaunda yevanhu, uye simba rekuswedera pedyo uye kure kure kwepakati. Uyewo inofunga nezvebiorhythms, kushandiswa kwemamiriro okunze nemamiriro okunze pamusoro pezvisikwa. Inovandudza nzira dzekugadzirisa kudzivirira kupindira kwakaipa kwezvakatipoteredza.

Zvose izvi zvinopa rupo rukuru mukusimudzirwa kwekunzwisisa nzira dzehupenyu hwehutano hwemararamiro, simba rezvisikwa uye zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana pavari.

Mazuva ano kubudirira

Tinogona kutora zvishoma zvezviitiko zvakakosha zvikuru zvinoenderana nekubudirira kwe biophysics:

• Nzira dzekugadzira zvisikwa zvakawanikwa;
• Zvinhu zvekushandurwa uye basa re nitric oxide mumitambo yehupenyu yakadzidzwa;
• Kuwirirana kwediki uye matrix RNA inotangwa, iyo munguva yemberi ichabvumira kuwana mhinduro yematambudziko akawanda ehutano (kuparadza zvirwere);
• Zvisikwa zve autayoves zvakawanikwa;
• Kutenda nebasa rema molecular biophysicist, zvikamu zveDNA zvakashandurwa uye kudzokorora zvakadzidzwa, izvo zvinosanganisira kukwanisa kuumba mhando dzose yemishonga mitsva kune zvirwere zvakakomba uye zvakaoma;
• Makombiyuta emhando yekushushikana kwose kunoenderera mberi nenzira ye photosynthesis yakasikwa;
• Nzira dze ultrasound kuongororwa kwemhuka dzakagadzirwa;
• Kubatanidza kwakagadziriswa pakati pezvinonzi cosmogeophysical and biochemical processes;
• Zvakafanotaurirwa kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze kwepasi;
• Kuziva kwekukosha kwe enzyme urokenase mukudzivirira zvirwere zvehutachiona uye kubvisa migumisiro shure kwekurohwa;
• Zvakawanda zvekuwana zvakave zvakagadzirwawo pamusoro pehutano hweprotini, hurongwa hwekufamba, uye zvimwe zvikamu zvemuviri.

Institute of Biophysics muRussia

Munyika yedu pane Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov. Pamusoro pesangano iri rekudzidzisa rinoshandisa Faculty ye Biophysics. Ndiye iye anogadzirira nyanzvi dzakagadzikana kuti dzishande mundima iyi.

Zvinonyanya kukosha kupa hukuru hwepamusoro kune avo vanotevera vashandi. Vari kumirira basa rakaoma. Iyo biophysicist inosungirwa kunzwisisa zvose zvisinganzwisisiki zvezviitiko zvinowanikwa muupenyu hwevanhu. Mukuwedzera, vadzidzi vanofanira kunzwisisa uye mufizikiki. Mushure mezvose, iyo isayenzi yakaoma - biophysics. Dzidziso dzakagadzirirwa nenzira yekugamuchira zvirevo zvose zvakabatana uye kuumba biophysics, uye kuvhara kuongororwa kwemibvunzo zvose zvepanyama uye zvepanyama.