Utachiona: nzira kudya, STRUCTURAL features, dzinogarisana

Nyaya ino ichakurukura kuti zvinenge kupfuura kare - utachiona. Eenhede uye dzinogarisana ezvinhu zvipenyu izvi siyana chaizvo. How interconnected maitiro aya?

General zvechadenga mabhakitiriya

Utachiona vari boka roga unicellular zvipenyu. Ivo prokaryotes. Izvi zvinoreva kuti masero dzavo dzisina nuclei rakapa. zvinhu zvavo majini rine DNA Morekuru annular rakamiswa zvakananga cytoplasm.

Zvekare zvimiro zvemhashu masero kwemabhakitiriya vari siyana chaizvo. Vanogona kutora chimiro rinosvika, tsvimbo, mazambiringa, spirals, nyeredzi, uye kuutio m. P. midziyo bacteria zvachero raimiririra permeable Kamudzira, mucous Kamudzira uye sero rusvingo murein kana rinoumbwa pectin. Munguva cytoplasm uye prokaryotic ribosomes vari cytoskeletal okunze.

Utachiona: nzira kudya uye kurarama zvakatipoteredza

Nokuda nyore mamiriro, utachiona kugona nzvimbo dzose. Dzinowanikwa mvura, ivhu, mhepo, matombo, zvitubu zvemvura inopisa, pamusoro muviri pemvura iri zvomukati Zvirimwa, mhuka uye vanhu. By nzira mabhakitiriya zvokudya zvose auto- uye heterotrophs.

Aimbova ane mumasero dzavo, plastids chloroplasts nawo photosynthesis kunoitika. Its Zvinoguma carbohydrate shuga, rinoshandiswa kuzadzisa kwemasayendisiti siyana zvoupenyu. The zvinenge akashandiswa kwetunhu Organic zvinhu zuva simba, anonziwo phototrophs. Izvi zvinosanganisira mutema, pepuru uye cyanobacteria.

Rimwe boka autotrophic mabhakitiriya kushandisa upenyu simba kwemakemikari zvisungo. Ivo exchange zvakaoma yeimwe kupinda nyore. Izvi zvinonzi chemosynthesis. Mienzaniso zvipenyu dzakadaro sarufa, simbi, uye senitrogen-kugadzira utachiona.

Uye zvakakwana dzakawanda boka heterotrophic prokaryotes. simba ravo zvitengeswa kunobva zvakatipoteredza. Zvichienderana ichi, pane mapoka matatu mabhakitiriya:

• saprotrophs;
• tupukanana;
• symbiotic zvinenge.

Ngatikurukurei chimwe nechimwe chazvo zvizere.

saprotrophs

Ichi boka mabhakitiriya anogara Vezvenhau vose ane makemikari nyaya. Izvi zvingava ivhu, miti nemhuka. Somuenzaniso, kuti mabhakitiriya kuora simba vari saprotroph nzira. Ivo anoora Organic nyaya, bvisai muviri.

Ndizvo nzira simba lactic asidhi mabhakitiriya. Kukwanisa kwavo ichivira makabhohaidhiretsi vari zvinowanzoshandiswa zvokudya indasitiri. Kefir, yakaviriswa zvakabikwa mukaka, koteji chizi, yogati - ose tsvina kwaiita prokaryotes.

inda

Parasitic Mabhakitiriya, nzira riri simba heterotrophic vagere mukati kana pamusoro pemvura zvimwe zvipenyu. Kudya zvokudya vatenzi zvoupenyu, vanovakonzera zvirwere zvakakomba. Somuenzaniso, manyoka bacillus, kuti Anowanza iri ura, hunokonzera utera, fivha, nomusoro, kushungurudzwa nechigaro - zvose kuratidzirwa nemanyoka. "Hosha maoko akasviba" kazhinji vachinzi salmonellosis, sefivha uye korera. Vose anokonzerwa ingestion ose parasitic prokaryotes.

Human uye nemhuka zvirwere ngozi tibhii, hwechigwadara, tetenasi, angina, diphtheria, glanders, Brucellosis. Zvigadziriswe okuzivisa yavo muviri zvakasiyana:

• kudya mvura yakasvibiswa kana zvokudya;
• kuenda neherikoputa nzira;
• kukundikana kuita utsanana.

symbiotic utachiona

Utachiona zhinji vanokwanisa kupinda kungoreva zvinobatsira ukama nevamwe umambo zvakasikwa. Havasi Kunze uye utachiona. Eenhede vamiriri boka iri zvakare heterotrophic. Zvisinei, vakagadzirira kudya zvinhu zvimwe zvinenge pasina anokonzera zvakaipa. Uyezve, sokubika mapoto ichi ane zvikomborero zvakawanda.

Muenzaniso kuratidzwa vakadaro nitrifying utachiona kuti vanogara midzi leguminous zvirimwa. Kudzokera ikoko kubva muvhu kuburikidza makatsemuka ari unhani pamusoro rinenge vanotanga nokushingaira kuwanda. Izvi zvinoguma duku, asi zhinji matema. mhando iyi zvigare vakakwanisa kugadzira senitrogen, chikamu mhepo uye kuichinja kuva iripo muchimiro nokuda zvinomera. Muchiitiko ichi vari kugadzirira kubva chirimwa zvinovaka muviri, izvo zviri aqueous mhinduro.

Human symbiotic utachiona vari prokaryotes kuti kurarama dumbu rake. Pano, inongomutsa makemikari, mamwe kufambisa kukamurwa zvinoverengeka Organic yeimwe. Utachiona ganda uye mucous membranes kutadzisa Resettlement pakati prokaryotes "mutorwa".

Saka, mabhakitiriya dzine celled prokaryotic zvinenge. Vangave vakazvimiririra synthesized makemikari remubatanidzwa (autotrophs) uye kudyika (heterotrophs).