Analogues kuti penicillin. Mishonga kuti penicillin boka: zvairatidza, mirayiridzo kushandiswa

Penicillin analogues ndashama mikana mitsva nokuda vanachiremba mukurapa zvirwere zvinotapukira. Vanonyanya husingakwanisi makemikari mabhakitiriya uye hasha ezvinhu mudumbu, vane zvishoma nemishonga.

About Penicillin

Penicillins - ndiwo mukuru anozivikanwa inorwisa mabhakitiriya. Ivo azvidavirire zhinji mhando, asi vamwe vavo vakafirwa kushanda kwavo nokuda kurwisa. Utachiona vanokwanisa kuchinja uye kutindivara kuti chiito mishonga iyi. Izvi zvinoita masayendisiti rokusika mhando itsva chakuvhuvhu, kuti penicillin analogues tinazvo ehupfumi itsva.

Penicillins vane yakaderera toxicity kuti muviri, zvikuru kushandiswa zvikuru uye ari chokukomborerwa bactericidal nomugumisiro wakanaka, asi neutachiona kwavari vane zvakawanda zvakajairika pane vanachiremba vangada. Izvi nokuda makemikari hunhu inorwisa mabhakitiriya. Chimwe akaipa unhu zvingasanganisirawo dzikatadza kuabatanidza nevamwe zvinodhaka, kunyanya kirasi zvakafanana.

nyaya

Kutaurwa rokutanga mabhuku kuti penicillin kwakaitika muna 1963, mubhuku pamusoro Native American mushonga murume. Vakashandisa musanganiswa notumwe mune somushonga zvinangwa. Kokutanga ari chinoziva nyika vakakwanisa kuwana Aleksandru Flemingu, asi ichi chakanga kwete chinangwa, asi netsaona, sezvinoita zvose zvakawanikwa zvikuru.

Britain microbiologists pamberi Hondo Yenyika II achishanda panyaya maindasitiri mushonga ari kunodiwa akawanda. Dambudziko iroro kugadziriswa zvakafanana uye muUnited States. Kubva nguva iyi kuti penicillin yaiva inonyanya zvinodhaka. Asi nokufamba kwenguva, vave kuzivikanwa uye synthesized mumwe boka inorwisa mabhakitiriya, izvo zvishoma nezvishoma vakaritsiva chete pakagadzirwa nematanda. Uyezve, tusingaoneki vanotanga kuonekwa nemishonga mushonga, izvo kuoma mishonga kutapukirwa zvakakura.

The musimboti antibacterial chiito

The kwemabhakitiriya Sero rusvingo sezvamunoita rinosanganisira fuma inonzi peptidoglycan. Penicillin boka inorwisa mabhakitiriya chokuita kwetunhu puroteni, zvichivhiringidza paumbwe anodiwa makemikari. The microorganism ari kufa nokuda nekusagona dzifambirane muchitokisi rusvingo.

Zvisinei, vamwe utachiona vakadzidza kudzivisa ichi choutsinye nechisimba. Ivo kubereka Beta-lactamase, zvinoparadza makemikari chokuita peptidoglycan. Kutsungirira chipingamupinyi ichi, masayendisiti vaifanira kuumba kuti penicillin analogues kuti zvinogona kuvhiringa uye Beta-lactamase, zvakare.

Pakaoma kuti vanhu

Pakutanga yaitonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya, masayendisiti ari kufunga kuti vanova chepfu kuna muviri, nekuti zvinenge zvose zvipenyu metry ine mapurotini. Asi pashure anoverengeka zvidzidzo zvakakwana vakawana kuti peptidoglycan mumiviri yedu hapana, uye naizvozvo, kukonzera chero kukuvadza zvakakomba kuti mushonga asingagoni.

The chakarondedzera chiito

Chinenge mhando dzose penicillins kuita giremu-akanaka utachiona genus anonzi Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Corynebacterium diphtheria uye denda utachiona hwakakura. Uyewo, avo chakarondedzera basa rinosanganisira zvose giremu negative tupukanana tusingaoneki, gonococci uye meningococci, anaerobic pematanda uye kunyange vamwe notumwe (semuenzaniso, Actinomyces).

Masayendisiti wekuvamba mhando itsva kuti penicillin, kuedza kudzivirira utachiona ndichipfeka kushandiswa zvavo bactericidal ehupfumi, asi nekuda pakurapa nosocomial zvirwere , boka iri zvinodhaka hakuchina akakodzera. Mumwe kunaka zvechadenga ichi mhando inorwisa mabhakitiriya - utachiona overgrowth, sezvo ura munhu ari nyuchi nemabhakitiriya nehanya penicillin. Izvi zvinokosha kuyeuka kana kuti mushonga.

The mhando huru (kupatsanura)

Masayendisiti Modern kupa penicillins ano kupesana muzvikwata zvina:

1. Natural, izvo synthesized ne notumwe. Izvi zvinosanganisira benzilpenitsilliny uye vanachiremba vemazino. zvinodhaka izvi vane nhete chakarondedzera basa, kunyanya pamusoro giremu negative utachiona.
2. gadziriro Semisynthetic ndine kuramba penicillinases. Ivo anoshandiswa kurapa akasiyana chakarondedzera utachiona. Representatives methicillin, oxacillin, nafcillin.
3. Karboksipenitsilliny (karbpenitsillin).
4. zvinodhaka boka-siyana nezviito:
   - ureidopenitsilliny;
   - amidopenitsilliny.

biosynthetic chimiro

Somuenzaniso vanofanira kutungamirira vamwe zvikuru nevanhu panguva mishonga kuti panguo boka. Most zvimwe kubva yakakurumbira pennitsilinov anogona kunzi "Bitsillin-3" uye "5-Bitsillin". Ivo vakaona boka dzinongoitika mishonga uye zvave mutungamiriri waro muboka, uchigere akaonekwa akakwana siyana mishonga inorwisa utachiona.

1. "Ekstentsillin". Mirayiridzo Use rinoti chiri Beta-lactam mushonga yacho yose chiito. Zvairatidza kwavo kushandisa zviri chakasimba rheumatic zvirwere uye zvirwere zvinokonzerwa treponema (njovhera, yaws uye yemafuta). Available mu upfu. "Ekstentsillin" kurayira Chinyorwa hariudzi wemishonga nevasiri steroidal Anti-anogumbura zvinodhaka (NSAIDs), sezvo zvichiita zvemakwikwi kudyidzana. Izvi zvinogona kukanganisa mashoko efficacy kurapwa.
2. "Penicillin-Fau" rinoreva penicillin boka. Rinoshandiswa kuti vabatwe nezvirwere yokumusoro kufema turakiti, ganda uye mucous membranes, mwandabvu, njovhera, tetenasi. Rinoshandiswa kuzvidzivirira nechiyero pashure pokuvhiyiwa, kuramba kangamwiro rheumatism, zviduku chorea, kwemabhakitiriya endocarditis.
3. Inorwisa mabhakitiriya "chibhokisi" ane analoginen yakapfuura Preparation. It zvinouya mahwendefa kana granules. Not varumbidzwa pamwe NSAIDs uye kunanzvana pamuviri. Inowanzoshandiswa kurapwa kwezvirwere uduku.

semisynthetic chimiro

Ichi boka zvinodhaka kunosanganisira mishonga dzakachinjwa mishonga zvinobva anoumba.

1. Nengoro rokutanga ndandanda "Amoxicillin". Mirayiridzo yokushandisa (mutengo - anenge zana rubles) kunoratidza kuti mushonga ane chakarondedzera basa uye rinoshandiswa mune zvinokonzerwa noutachiona anenge nzvimbo ipi. Its anobatsirwei kuti zviri kugadzikana mune acidic ezvinhu mudumbu, uye pashure Absorção de Água muropa wevasungwa wakakwirira kupfuura vamwe nhengo dzeboka iri. Asi regai idealize kuti "Amoxicillin". Mirayiridzo yokushandisa (mutengo munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzingasiyana) anoyambira kuti mushonga rirege ushandiswe varwere vane mononucleosis, nezvimwe zvinhu uye vakadzi vane pamuviri. kushandiswa Long-izwi hazvibviri nokuda chinokosha yakawanda divi siyana.
2. Oxacillin yavaibvisa munyu basa kana utachiona kubereka penicillinase. The mushonga iri acid, zvinogona kutorwa nemuromo zvakanaka kunakidzwa ura. Ari nokukurumidza yabudiswa nokuda itsvo, naizvozvo zvakafanira kuti nguva dzose kuramba zvinodiwa wevasungwa muropa. The chete contraindication - imwe sema kuita. It anogadzirwa muchimiro mahwendefa kana ndiro sechinhu mvura kuti jekiseni.
3. Mumiriri wokupedzisira semisynthetic penicillins - ndiko ampicillin trihydrate. Mirayiridzo kushandiswa (Mahwendefa) kunoratidza kuti ane navanopinda chakarondedzera chiito, zvichiita zvose giremu negative uye giremu-akanaka utachiona. Zvakanaka akashivirira nevarwere, asi ngwarira chipiwe kune vaya vari anticoagulants (semuenzaniso, vanhu vane kusagadzikana kumwoyo), sezvo mushonga potentiates chiito chacho.

solvent

Penicillins vanotengeswa mune Pharmacies sechinhu upfu kuti jekiseni. Naizvozvo, nokuti intravenous kana intramuscular Kutarisirwa, vanofanira zvazvichanyungudutswa imvura. Mumhuri ezvinhu anogona kushandiswa mvura kwakadonhera pamusoro jekiseni, isotonic yavaibvisa chloride mhinduro kana novocaine maviri muzana. Zvinofanira kurangarirwa kuti solvent havafaniri kunyanya kudziya.

Zvairatidza, contraindications uye nemishonga

The zvairatidza kuti asingaurayiwi kurapwa vari diagnoses: lobar uye lobular nemabayo, empyema, sepsis uye septicemia, kwemabhakitiriya endocarditis, yomumuzongoza, osteomyelitis. In zvakaitwa kuwa kwemabhakitiriya tonsillitis, diphtheria, nezvitsvuku fivha, hwechigwadara, mwandabvu, njovhera, purulent ganda zvirwere.

Contraindications kuti vabatwe penicillin boka wedzeredzei. Chekutanga, kuvapo hypersensitivity kuti mushonga nezvinogadzirwa nomukaka. Chechipiri, kutanga nechirwere pamusoro nepfari, izvo haikwani kuzozivisa mushonga kupinda musana mbiru. Kana pamuviri uye lactation, muchiitiko ichi zvinotarisirwa kubatsira vanofanira substantially kusapfuudza zvinobvira nengozi, nokuti placental chipingamupinyi ndiyo permeable kune penicillins. Munguva womuchato, mwana mushonga kuti kwenguva pfupi kune imwe nzira kudyisa, sezvo mushonga anopinda mukaka.

Nemishonga kunogona kuitika panguva dzakasiyana siyana.

CNS nemishonga inogona kuva kuda kurutsa, kurutsa, kushatirwa, meningismus, nokugwinha uye kunyange pakoma. Neutachiona zvinozarurwa sezvo ganda maronda, fivha, kurwadza kwemajoini uye kuzvimba. Kwave zviitiko anaphylactic kuvhunduka uye rufu. Pamusana zvichibvira bactericidal chiito kusangana nekutsi kwemukadzi candidiasis uye nemumuromo uye dysbacteriosis.

kushandisa zvinhu

Zvokungwarira zvinofanira kupiwa varwere vasingadzoreki hepatic uye renal nerevane kana iiswe mwoyo kukundikana. Hazvina zvakafanira kuti varumbidze kushandisa vanhu vari anongoti neutachiona, uyewo vaya vane kwakawedzera aikanganiswa cephalosporins.

Kana mazuva mashanu pashure kutanga kurapwa havashanduki murwere nemamiriro haana kuuya, ipapo kuti penicillin analogues anofanira kushandiswa kana kutsiviwa nemishonga boka. Panguva imwe chete pakugadzwa Somuenzaniso, nefuma "Bitsillin-3", unofanira kutarisira kudzivirirwa fungal superinfection. Kuti aite izvi, nyora antifungals.

Need tsanangudzo kutsanangurira murwere kuti kutora mishonga pasina dzongonyedzo yakafanira chikonzero anomupa nemishonga tusingaoneki. Uye kuikurira vanoda zvinodhaka zvakawanda simba kuti kukonzera zvikuru nemishonga.

Penicillin analogues vava chinokosha mushonga ano. Kunyange zvazvo kare rakazaruka boka inorwisa mabhakitiriya, kuchiri inoramba akakodzera kuti kurapa yomumuzongoza, mwandabvu uye njovhera, ane zvakakwana chakarondedzera chiito uye munyoro nemishonga, saka rinogona kushandiswa vana. Zvechokwadi, sezvo vane mishonga ipi, mune penicillins vane contraindications uye marwadzo, asi vari zvaizopedza ne mikana kushanda.