Nokuzvidzora kurimwa, Kwepfungwa
Asanyanya mu zvepfungwa - zviri ... chii kuziva? Kutsanangura pfungwa
Mumwe mujinga mukudzidzisa yokuzviratidza nokuzivikanwa idambudziko. Hazvishamisi, nokuti zvinenge zvakaoma zvikuru uye chinoumbwa nezvinhu zvakawanda. Vatsvakurudzi Scientific vane mabasa mazhinji vakazvipira chiitiko ichi. Asanyanya mu zvepfungwa - ndiwo muitiro kunzwisisa uye dzinoongorora munhu pachake sezvo nyaya mabasa akasiyana-siyana uye somunhu ane kutaridza zvarwo, ukoshi zviito, vavariro neururami.
The tsananguro
Vanachiremba vanoti kuzvidzora anoziva kwete chete munhu yakasiyana, asiwo vanhu, mukirasi, rudzi kana zvimwe mumagariro boka, asi chete kana zvinhu izvi kusvika kunzwisisa uye kuziva ukama wegadziriro, zvakajairika zvaunofarira, zvakafanana mabasa. Asanyanya mu zvepfungwa - uyu kana munhu pachake ane mugove yose kwezvakatipoteredza uye tsanangudzo panzvimbo yayo mumafungu hunhu nemagariro upenyu. Fani iyi chokuita kuti izwi akadai kufungisisa, yokungotaura mafungiro.
Pfungwa V. S. Merlina
Socialization kwacho anopa kuwedzera uye kudzamisa ukama uye ukama hwomunhu nevamwe vanhu, mamwe mapoka ari vamwevo. Mufananidzo "Ini" anovandudza uye anova akatsiga zvikuru. Nezvekugadzirwa asanyanya, kana chaizvo "Ini" rinowanikwa zvishoma nezvishoma munyika mararamiro, uye kwete kubva pakuberekwa. Uyu yakaoma muitiro kukanganiswa nevamwe izvi. Panyaya iyi, V. S. Merlin dzinounzwa chitupa zvinoriumba:
- Chokutanga - munhu anoziva kusawirirana kwavo uye anozivisa pacharo kubva kunze kwenyika.
- Wechipiri - munhu anova kuziva zvoga sezvo chinoshingaira pasi, anokwanisa kuchinja yakapoteredza chokwadi, uye kwete sezvinoita pusa chinhu.
- The wechitatu - munhu anoziva zvavo pfungwa zvivako, pezvakaitwa uye mupfungwa inoti.
- Wechina - yevanhu chimiro mumagariro uye tsika zvinhu, kuzviremekedza somugumisiro chiitiko yawana.
Kuzivikanwa: Maitiro matatu zvesayenzi
sayenzi yemazuva ane maonero akasiyana-siyana pamusoro mavambo uye kukura kwakaita pfungwa uye nokuzvidzora ruzivo. Munguva chinyakare nzira, pfungwa iri kukurukurwa sezvo mukuru chimiro yepakutanga tichitarisa majini ose pfungwa dzevanhu, iyo yakavakirwa nokuzvidzora maonero uye kuzvidzora-maonero. Zvinoita pauduku, kana mwana inofambidzana Aingoziva muviri wako kumbozviona chinosiyanisa ake "Ini" kubva "Ini" nevamwe, wakatarira mugirazi uye anoona kuti ndizvo.
Asi masayendisiti haana kumborega, uye S. L. Rubinshteyn zvairatidza zvakasiyana maonero. Nokuti naye, dambudziko pfungwa yakasiyana uye ari mune imwe nzvimbo. It iri chokwadi kuti chiitiko ichi ane chikuru vaenzane uye ane chigadzirwa mutsa uye mugumisiro kukura chavanoziva.
Pane yechitatu nemaonero, izvo anotora pfungwa uye psyche, uyewo kuzvipira ruzivo inozivikanwa nokuda mawa kukura zvakafanana, kuroorwa uye pasina kuti. Saka, munhu anoona nyika kuburikidza pfungwa, uye anova mumwe mufananidzo kunze nyika, asi kunze kuti kuenda kuburikidza kuzvicheka-ruzivo, izvo zvinoumba chiratidzo pachake.
Kukura chinonakidza
Asanyanya mu zvepfungwa - inofanira kuti ine matanho makuru maviri:
- Wokutanga inosanganisira kuvakwa zano muviri uye pave kunzwa "I".
- Danho rechipiri kunotanga apo mukuvandudza nevakangwara nezvaanogona, Conceptual mafungiro uye Virtual kufungisisa. Munhu ari kare kuita pfungwa hwavo. Asi sezvo tingadai aifarira kufunga rationally, kunyange reflexivo pamwero achine noukama kuvhiringidzika zvakaitika, kanenge, saka anoti V. P. Zinchenko. Maererano masayendisiti, rworudyi hemisphere uropi anokonzera pfungwa kuzvida, uye kuruboshwe - vachifungisisa.
The zvinoumba pfungwa
The mamiriro Kuzivikanwa kunoratidzwa akawanda zvinoriumba. Chekutanga, munhu detaches pachake kubva dzakapoteredza nyika anoziva pachake sezvo nyaya, pasinei svikiro - uye kubva hunhu uye kubva kuruzhinji. Chechipiri, pane kuziva echokwadi ndiwo anoratidza udzamu basa, kureva munhu kuzvidzora. Chechitatu, vanhu vanogona kuziva pacharo wayo unhu kuburikidza vamwe (kana ukacherechedza hero yakati ari unosvikirwa, saka ipapo iwe nayo, mungadai haana sarudza kubva kumashure). Chechina, munhu Anoongorora pachake kubva mutsika nemaonero, kunoratidzwa kufungisisa, rwomukati ruzivo wake. maumbirwo ichi ane Russian ani.
Sechivako asanyanya, kureva kukumikidza chinhu zvakanzi kakawanda pasi ongororo. Somugumisiro, pane mazwi maviri: 'magetsi I "rinoratidza mamwe sei munhu anova anoziva pacharo iyi," pano uye zvino ", uye" pachake Ini ", iro kunoratidzwa kurwisa uye ndiye chinoumba zvimwe zvose" Ndini achangobuda ". Zvakaratidza kuti chero chiito asanyanya kunoratidzwa sezvo vaizviita ruzivo uye kuzvidzora-ruzivo.
Another mamiriro
Sezvo dambudziko iri kugara nyanzvi dzakawanda, vakawanda vavo voga uye rinonzi kuzivikanwa kwavo zvinoriumba. Heuno mumwe muenzaniso:
- Tinogona kuona kuti pedyo uye kwenguva refu zvinangwa, vavariro dzavo mabasa, kunyange zvazvo ivo vanogona kazhinji kuvanzika uye akafukidzwa ( "Ini vanoita").
- Tinokwanisa kunzwisisa kuti unhu tinoberekwa tiine chaizvo, uye chii chete vanoda kuva ( "Ini ndiri akakwana" "Ini ndiri zvechokwadi").
- Kuenda urongwa yokunzwisisa mafungiro avo zvishande uye zvaanonzwisisa pamusoro pachavo.
- Emotional atinoitwa pachako, izvo zvichakubatsira kuti kuyera aive bvunzo.
Dzidziso CG Jung
mukurumbira zvikuru mupfungwa nesayenzi, dzidziso "kuti pfungwa uye mafungiro," vakagamuchira dzidziso CG Jung, imwe yeAustria chiremba wepfungwa. Akataura kuti pamusana yokuzviratidza ruzivo ndiko kwaiita vanoziva uye chavanoziva basa. Maererano K. Jung, kuti psyche ane nhanho mbiri nokuzvidzora chadzera. Wokutanga pavo vanozviriritira, zvinotora chikamu mune vanoziva uye akapfizuka urongwa, zvachose permeating zvose. Chechipiri pamwero ndiyo nzira atinozviita pachedu, somuenzaniso, "Ndinofunga ndakusuwa", "Ndinoda pachangu", uye izvi zvose - the kuwedzera kuzvidzora. Subjectivity uye zvinhu sezvazviri mune imwe bhodhoro.
Maonero kwevanhu, vanachiremba
Masayendisiti humanistic zvepfungwa kuona vaizviita sezvo pfungwa yose vanhu, izvo zvichatibatsira kuona vaifanira zvinogona chinzvimbo.
Nokuti munhu zvakakosha kuva pachake, uye kuramba saka kukwanisa kuti vazviriritire mubasa zvakaoma nguva, kuti kuzvipira rwokuzvipira haana kuchinja, uye muedzo vakaratidza akatsiga kunoguma nokuzviremekedza.
kwevari pfungwa
Vanachiremba dzinoti nhanho mana chavanoziva. Chokutanga - zvakananga-nehanya, iro rine mashoko pamusoro vose vasiri dzinotsanagura nokuchiva muviri, pfungwa. Izvi pamwero yokuzvidzora ruzivo uye kuzvidzora ruzivo kupa inokosha yokuzikanwa kwevanhu.
Chechipiri pamwero - pachedu, kana integrally shaped. Munhu anoziva nezvake vanoshingaira, uye tazviita actualizing muitiro.
Chechitatu, unogona dana mupfungwa yakati sandara, nekuti pane munhu comprehends zviri zvavo zvedzidzo siyana, Vanoratidza, ongorora, ndichitarisa.
Eya, wechina pamwero - basa hune chinangwa, kuti kunosanganisira yapfuura matatu, vachibvumira munhu zvakakwana kushanda munyika. Kuzvidzora, kuzvicheka-dzidzo, kuzvicheka-sangano, kuzvicheka-kutsoropodzwa, kuzviremekedza, kuzvicheka-zivo, kuzvidzora kuvandudzika uye vazhinji nevamwe kuzviremekedza - ichi zvose huri unhu synthesized rechina chechetere.
chikamu ukama
Asanyanya mu zvepfungwa - kunosanganisira atinoitwa kuzvida uye vamwe, uye kutarisira kuti vamwe kubata munhu (projective zvigadziriswe).
Maererano ukama ichi vari rakakamurwa mifananidzo:
- Egocentric - wacho pachake anoisa pakati uye anotenda kuti kukosha pachako. Kana vanhu vanoita zvaanoda, ipapo ivo zvakanaka.
- Gruppotsentricheskie - noukama iri bhuku boka. Kana uri chikwata chedu, iwe - zvakanaka.
- Prosocial - muukama hwakadaro rikunde ruremekedzo uye kubvuma mumwe, sezvo munhu wose anonzi aunozviita. Ita zvaunoda kupinda kudzoka.
- Estoholicheskie - ndiyo padanho ukama zvomudzimu, apo kugamuchira izvi anokudzwa Maitiro setsitsi, kutendeseka, kururamisira, norudo rwaMwari, muvakidzani.
Pathological siyana ari chinonakidza
In pathological Kuratidza pfungwa iri pasi kukundwa pakutanga, sezvo atova ndiyo vanhuwo kuziva.
Funga ndezvipi chirwere:
- Pfungwa depersonalization - kunoratidzwa nokurasikirwa kwake "I". Panyaya iyi, munhu anoona kwokunze zviitiko uye zvichiitika somunhu kunze mucherechedzi uye kwete chinoshingaira nyaya.
- Muitiro anotsemura hwaro unhu. It disotsiatsiya. Chinoumba iri huviri, dzimwe nguva nhatu kana kupfuura vakatanga kuva mutorwa ehupfumi izvo zvinogona kuvhiringidza mumwe. Mukurumbira sainzi nyaya apo mumwe murume hwakagara 24 (!) Person vakambova dzavo ndangariro, zvido, manzwiro, nevakwegura, unhu tsika, uye kunyange inzwi. Mumwe nomumwe izvi vakatanga vanoti kuti ichokwadi, uye vamwe anongoti havapo.
- Kune kutyorwa achizivisa muviri wake pachake. Wevanhu kunogona kuonekwa mutorwa, vakaparadzana.
- Chinonyanya pathological fomu - derealization. Munhu anorasikirwa kubatsira chokwadi, iye anotanga havafungi kwete chete pachavo asiwo yose kwezvakatipoteredza. Kwazvo unhu nyonganyonga.
mhedziso
The zvinorondedzerwa Pfungwa inokosha kunzwisisa dzakasiyana dzinotsanagura upenyu hwevanhu. Self-Kuziva kwakafanira kuhupenyu zvakawanda nezvounhu, akasiyana-siyana kuratidzwa, rinogona kuwanikwa zvose chaiye uye pathological ezvinhu. Nyanzvi dzakasiyana dzinoti yenhengo dzayo, mamiriro, siyana uye nzendo. Fani iyi yakavakirwa pamusoro dzevanhu psyche, kuziva uye zvinoenderana vanhu yakapoteredza wacho, zvichiita izvozvo. Asanyanya ine yayo peculiarities okukura uye inotungamirwa mu ontogenesis. Kunyange zvazvo nharaunda iyi akanga kwazvo adzidza, asi zvikuru zvakavanzika uye hwakamirira kudzidza.
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