Chii chinoita polyethylene? Kugadzirwa polyethylene. Articles kuti polyethylene

Munhoroondo nesayenzi, zvimwe zvakawanikwa netsaona, uye dzakakurumbira zvinhu nhasi kazhinji byproduct chero chiitiko. Zvikuru netsaona zvakanzi yakawanikwa aniline madhayi micheka, randakapiwa akazotevera kwoupfumi uye kwesayenzi budiriro iri mutengi indasitiri. A nyaya yakafanana zvakaitika polyethylene.

Panovhurwa mashoko

Nyaya kugadzirwa polyethylene wokutanga kwakaitika muna 1898. Panguva kwoushamwari-up of German mavambo diamezotana kemisiti Hans von Pehman akawana pasi chubhu haisi chinoshamisa aftertaste. The zvinhu chaizvo gobvu ndokutarira senamo, musayendisiti vashandi akamudana polimetillinom. mukana Next muboka iri masayendisiti haana kuwana mugumisiro akanga kutokanganwa, kufarira, hapana akabuda. Asi pfungwa akarembera mudenga, yaida pragmatic nzira. Izvozvo ndizvo zvakaitika, mumakore matatu zvinoshamisa polyethylene yave kuzodzosera akasvinudzwa somunhu kurongwa zvinobikwa akatadza chiedzwa.

The British vakanhonga uye kuhwina

Modern polyethylene zvinhu akaberekwa ari Murabhoritari Imperial Chemical Industries muEngland. E. Fawcett uye R. Gibson tikatanga kuedza dzakakwirira uye pasi kufurirwa magasi uye akaona kuti rimwe nodes unyanzvi, kuedza yaiitwa umo, akafukidza asingazivikanwi waxy fuma. Akafarira divi Vakatosarudza vakaedza kakawanda kuwana fuma, asi hazvina zvazvakabatsira.

Synthesize polymer akatsiva M. Perrin, mushandi mumwe chete boka mumakore maviri. Ndiye akasika mabikirwo kuti akaumba hwaro kuti maindasitiri kugadzirwa polyethylene. The zvivako uye chatingatevedzera zvinhu dzaisiyana chete nokushandisa catalysts siyana. The vakawanda polyethylene kugadzirwa rakatanga muna 1938, uye yakanga patented muna 1936.

mbishi zvinhu

Polyethylene - yakasimba polymer iri chena ruvara. Rinoreva boka Organic yeimwe. Chii chinoita polyethylene? Yakatsvuka zvinhu gadziriro yacho ethylene gasi. Gas polymerized panguva mukuru uye yakaderera kumanikidzwa inotengwa panguva goho inosimbisa pellets kuti zvishandiswezve. Nokuti vamwe pezvakaitwa polyethylene anogadzirwa upfu fomu.

The Mhando chikuru

Kusvika panguva polymer anogadzirwa mbiri dzinokosha mamakisi ose LDPE uye PNP. Material pana neavhareji kwokudzvinyirira kwomunhu hama itsva kuvamba, asi kwenguva nhamba pauri chigadzirwa pachamera dzose maererano kunatsiridza unhu uye akasiyana munda chikumbiro.

For zvebhizimisi kushandiswa, zvinotevera mhando zvinhu (nemakirasi):

• Low arambe achirema kana akasiyana zita - muprista-kumanikidzwa (HDPE, LDPE).
• High arambe achirema kana yakaderera kumanikidzwa (LDPE LDPE).
• Linear polyethylene, kana polyethylene unosvikirwa kumanikidzwa.

Kune dzimwe mhando polyethylene, imwe neimwe ine pachake zvivako ayo uye munda chikumbiro. The particulate polymer pakuburitswa kwacho anowedzerwa colorants siyana kuti vakwanise kugamuchira dema polyethylene, tsvuku kana mumwe ruvara.

JHA

Kugadzirwa polyethylene iri mubasa makemikari indasitiri. Gas ethylene - chinokosha (dzinoita polyethylene), asi kwete chete kunodiwa kuti vawane zvinhu.

Kugadzirira HDPE rinowanikwa muna autoclaves, tubular reactors. LDPE mamakisi kugadzirwa imwe autoclave, maererano State Standard, pane masere. vakawana makumi maviri nerimwe mhando mukuru arambe achirema polyethylene kubva tubular reactor.

Nokuti kwetunhu PVP kunodiwa kutevedza zvinotevera ezvinhu:

• Temperature Range - kubva 200 kusvika 250 ° C.
• Tiwedzere - yakaisvonaka okisijeni, peroxide (Organic).
• Kumanikidzwa 150 kusvika 300 MPa.

Poimerizirovannaya uremu rokutanga chokutambudzika ane mvura mamiriro, uye ipapo chinoita kuti separator, hereinafter ari granulator, apo Kuumbwa zvinhu zviri rakapera granules.

LDPE chatingatevedzera kushandiswa pakugadzira kavha mafirimu, termoplenok, multilayer kavha. Uyewo mukuru arambe achirema polyethylene yaishandiswa motokari, zvemakemikari uye zvokudya Mazinga. Nokuti zvinoita yepamusoro yakasimba pombi kushandiswa chokugara zvekutepfenyura.

Linear polyethylene

Chii chinoita svikiro-kumanikidzwa polyethylene kana Linear polyethylene?

• The kudziyisa tembiricha kusvika 120 ° C.
• Mode kumanikidzwa kuti 4 MPa.
• Stimulator muitiro - tiwedzere (Ziegler-Natta tiwedzere pamwe musanganiswa titanium chloride remubatanidzwa melalloorganicheskim).

The muitiro wacho aine kunayisa pamusoro polyethylene muchimiro flakes, izvo zvino aparadzana muitiro mhinduro, zvichiteverwa granulation.

Izvi rworudzi polyethylene kunoratidzwa refu arambe achirema, kupisa kurwisa kukuvara. Nokure chikumbiro marudzi akasiyana kavha mafirimu, kusanganisira inopisa zvekupfakira zvinhu / zvigadzirwa. Of granular zvinhu zviri polymer mhando kugadzirwa pagondobwe vachikanda michina makuru, insulating zvinhu, mukuru simba mutopota, mutengi nhumbi , uye zvichingodaro.

High arambe achirema polyethylene

ANP ane nhatu mukugadzira nzira. Makambani Most vanoshandisa nzira "kuturika polymerization". Muitiro chokuwana EOR rikauya chokuita slurry uye kuramba kugadzikana pamusoro feedstock, nokuva gombedzero iri kutanga muitiro.

Nzira inonyanya okuwana yechipiri ine mhinduro polymerisation pasi pokudzora tembiricha uye anowedzera kupindura. Nzira haasi kwekuva inoshanda chaizvo, sezvo panguva polymerization nokuva gombedzero iri vakaita uye kunoguma polymer anorasikirwa zvimwe unhu ayo.

Wokupedzisira kugadzirwa nzira ndiyo PNP gasi danho polymerization, zvinonzi rovira, asi dzimwe nguva kunoitika muupenyu zvimwe zvirimwa. The muitiro anotora nzvimbo nokusanganisa yakatsvuka zvinhu gasi danho pasi pokudzora diffusion. Kwokupedzisira polymer inotengwa ane nonuniform marongerwo uye arambe achirema, hunobata kunaka Finished chigadzirwa.

Production pamusoro HDPE kunoitika munguva zvinotevera nzira:

• The tembiricha anodzokororwa pana kubva 120 ° C 150 ° C.
• Pressure haafaniri kupfuudza 2 MPa.
• Polymerization catalysts (Ziegler-Natta tiwedzere pamwe musanganiswa titanium chloride remubatanidzwa melalloorganicheskim).

A yokunyorera mukugadzira ichi nzira kunoratidzwa Rigidity, mukuru arambe achirema, pasi elasticity. Naizvozvo, kukura kwebasa chikumbiro zvayo indasitiri. Technical polyethylene rakashandiswa kugadzirwa hombe-saizi midziyo dzakakwirira simba unhu. Raidiwa pakuvaka indasitiri, kemikari maindasitiri, nokuti kugadzirwa mutengi nhumbi, akapotsa asingadi kushanda.

ehupfumi

Polyethylene ndiko husingakwanisi mvura, kuti mhando zvokufembedzwa, acids vazhinji (makemikari, inorganic), haritauri sei pamwe munyu. In combustion inongorira munhuwi Paraffin, pane sokupenya yebhuruu tint, moto muduku. Manyowa kunoitika apo pachena kuti nitric acid, kuiisa chlorine uye fluorine ari gaseous kana mvura mamiriro. With kukwegura, kunoitika mumhepo, zvinhu muchinjikwa Links vari yakaumbwa pakati samolecular maketani, achiita zvinhu pfava, crumbly.

mutengi mhando

Polyethylene - yakasiyana nedzimwe zvinhu dzose pamba uye kumabasa. Kunenge kuti avhareji mutengi achakwanisa kuona zvinhu vangani kubva mairi iye anotarisana daily. The yose kusunungurwa Polymers polyethylene anotora mugove cheshumba mumusika - 31% of zvachose kwakakomba mumhuri chigadzirwa.

Zvichienderana, izvo zvakagadzirwa polyethylene uye kugadzirwa michina, unhu ayo takatsunga. Izvi zvinhu rinobatanidza dzimwe nguva kukushorai unhu: mukana wokushandiswa uye simba, ductility uye kuoma, simba tensile uye misodzi nemishonga, kuramba nehasha runyararo uye utachiona. Muupenyu hwezuva nezuva tichishandisa omumasherufu akasiyana arambe achirema, kuraswa tableware, mapurasitiki nguwani, nhengo dzeimba midziyo yemagetsi uye zvakawanda.

mafomu

Kushandiswa polyethylene zvigadzirwa hakungoitwi, chero bhizimisi kana zvinoitwa nevanhu pamwe mifananidzo iyi:

• The kushandiswa nevakawanda polymer yakawanikwa munzvimbo zvaAtemisi kavha zvinhu. On chikamu ichi chikumbiro zvakakodzera pamusoro 35% of mbishi zvinhu akabudiswa. kushandiswa kwakadaro dzinoruramiswa gryazeootalkivayuschimi ehupfumi, kushayikwa nedziviriro chitarisiko chakuvhe uye zvigare. Mumwe rombo anowana - a mapurasitiki ruoko, ine upamhi kushanda. By kusiyanisa pakureba kwayo kungwara, inodzidzisa rine parinoperera upamhi pasuru chete.
• Uchifunga, unoitwa polyethylene iyo, zvinova pachena nei zvakava akakurumbira somumwe yakanakisisa insulating zvinhu. Imwe yacho achitsvaka-pashure unhu munharaunda iyi kwaiva kushaya magetsi conductivity. Uyewo kushaika mvura repellency ehupfumi, iro rave kushandiswa pakugadzira mvura zvinhu.
• Kupikiswa kuti rinoparadza mvura sechinhu solvent, kunoita kuti pave pombi dzakagadzirwa polyethylene imba uye maindasitiri vatengi.
• Pakuvaka indasitiri madzidziro mutsindo mudziye polyethylene kushandiswa, ayo pasi chafariz conductivity. ehupfumi izvi zvinobatsira ari gadzira hwayo zvokuvakisa kumbogadzirwa kuti mudziye dzinogarwa uye maindasitiri zvivako. Polyethylene rinoshandiswa kuti hwokugadzira kuputira of kudziyisa mains mune zvokuimba engineering zvichingodaro.
• Haidereri husingakwanisi hasha nhau zvinhu kwemakemikari maindasitiri, mapaipi polyethylene kushandiswa kwemakemikari mumarabhoritari uye maindasitiri.
• The polyethylene chinobatsira somushonga dressings, prosthetic maoko nemakumbo, rinoshandiswa muna dentistry, etc.

Nzira kugadzira

Zvichienderana nenzira iyo granular mbishi zvinhu akanga kupatsanurwa achavaponesa iyo muchiso pamusoro polyethylene inotengwa. Common nzira:

• Extrusion (extrusion). Rinoshandiswa nokuda kwezvifananidzo zvaAtemisi zvikwepa, kavha uye dzimwe mhando firimu, jira zvinhu pakuvaka uye kushongedzwa, kugadzira netambo, akaita epurasitiki hosipaipi nezvimwe zvigadzirwa.
• Kuumbwa Thermo-Vacuum Anoumba muitiro. Ainyanya kushandiswa mukugadzira kavha zvinhu, mabhokisi etc.
• Extrusion ichivhuvhuta kuumbwa rotational. By nzira iyi inotengwa volumetric chinzvimbo, hombe kavha midziyo.
• Chisimbiso. Nokuti vamwe michina kupinda aumba vakawanda polyethylene akaisa muedzo zvinhu (simbi) kupa kuvaka zvinhu waanoda simba, asi nezvishoma mutengo.

Chii chinoita polyethylene, kunze huru zvinoumba zvinhu? Zviri fanira kuti dzinoona tiwedzere uye yokuvirisa kuchinja ehupfumi, kunaka Finished zvinhu.

Recycling

Pe nemishonga - ndizvo ndinoiitawo ake sezvo nevatengi nenhumbi dzayo kunaka, sezvo imwe huru kusvibisa zvinhu. To musi, zvinova zvinogona zvakakosha - marara. mamakisi Vose polyethylene zvinogona patsva uye vagotendeuka kuva granular mbishi zvinhu izvo zvinoita kuita zvakawanda vakatsvaka-pashure zvinhu uye mumaindasitiri rinodyiwa.

Polyethylene cover, mabhegi, hombodo anoora vari landfill kwemazana emakore, uye akaunganidza namatongo kuchetura hunokosha zviwanikwa. Nyika Tsika anoratidza kukura kwenhamba kubudiswa emakambani polyethylene. Chaizvoizvo nekunhonga marara, makambani akadaro vanonyatsoita nokubatanidzwazve yayo, yakapwanyika. Saka, pane mokuwana okuponesa, kudzivirirwa kwezvakatipoteredza uye kugadzirwa marketable zvigadzirwa.