Electric dissociation: nheyo yokungotaura kuti electrochemistry

Electric dissociation wakakurira rakakura muupenyu, kunyange isu kazhinji havafungi nezvazvo. Kuti Fani iyi ukama conductivity munyu, acids uye nezvigadziko zviri mvura svikiro. Sezvo rokutanga mwoyo mutinhimira yakakonzerwa "mhenyu" ne magetsi mumuviri womunhu, makumi masere muzana chine fluid kumotokari, mobile phones uye vatambi, rechargeable mabhatiri kuti akangosikwa electrochemical mabhatiri, - kwese yakatipoteredza asingaoneki aripo yemagetsi dissociation.

Hofori exhaling noxious kwemvura muShifimi yakanyungudutswa panguva dzakakwirira tembiricha bauxite electrolysis nzira inopa "mapapiro" simbi - aruminiyamu. All zvinhu zvakatipoteredza, kubva Chrome-kuifukidza redhiyeta rinofukidza kumusoro zvenzeve panzeve dzako nokusingaperi atarisana zvinogadzirisa kana munyu yakanyungudutswa, uye saka chinonakidza. Pasina zvemagetsi dissociation kudzidza yose bazi nesayenzi - electrochemistry.

Pamusoro pokufa solvent emura-mamorekuru kupinda kwemakemikari ukama pamwe mamorekuru ari solute, zvichiumba solvates. The aqueous mhinduro chinonyanya kubatwa dissociation munyu, acids uye nezvigadziko. Somugumisiro izvi ari solute Morekuru anogona dissociate kupinda ions. Somuenzaniso, imwe aqueous solvent pasi pokudzora ions ose Na ⁺ uye CI ^{- zviri} Ionic NaCI sekristaro unobuda panzvimbo solvent svikiro atova itsva sezvo solvated (hydrated) inoramba.

Fani iyi inomiririra mune Chaizvoizvo inofanira wakakwana kana rushoma pokuwa ichiputswa fuma kupinda ions zvichikonzerwa pakunzwisisa solvent, uye anonzi "yemagetsi dissociation." Izvi zvakanyanya kukosha kuti electrochemistry. Zvikuru ndechokuti dissociation ari kunzwisisa multicomponent hurongwa kunoratidzwa panowanikwa danho. Kana Fani iyi vakacherechedzawo nomusiyano kuwedzera kwenhamba ions zviri mhinduro, inova anosiyaniswa kubva electroless electrolytic fuma.

Panguva electrolysis ions vane nhungamiro yakajeka inofamba: zvacho uine vebasa (cations) - kune isakarurama mhosva electrode, akadana cathode uye zvakanaka ions (anions) - kuti anode electrode ose akatarisana vebasa, apo vari pauri. Cations vari kuderedzwa uye oxidized anions. Naizvozvo, dissociation iri reversible.

Chimwe chinokosha zvechadenga ichi electrochemical kwacho ndiko mwero electrolytic dissociation, izvo kunoratidzwa nhamba yacho hydrated inoramba kuti uwandu mamorekuru yakanyauka fuma. The kumusoro ari mamakisi, zvikuru uyu simba electrolyte fuma. On hwaro ichi, zvose zvinhu zviri rakakamurwa simba, simba anosvikirwa uye simba electrolytes.

The mwero dissociation kunobva zvinhu zvinotevera: a) yezvakaita solute; b) yezvakaita solvent, ayo dielectric kugara uye polarity; c) wevasungwa chemhinduro (rezasi ari mamakisi kunonyanya ukuru dissociation); g) Temperature pamusoro pokutaura svikiro. Somuenzaniso, mashoko dissociation pamusoro acetic asidhi kungaratidzwa kubudikidza zvinotevera payakavakirwa:

CH ₃ COOH ⁺ H + CH ₃ vanogurukuta ^-

Strong electrolytes vari dissociated chinenge irreversibly nekuti kwavo aqueous mhinduro haagari unhydrated kutanga mamorekuru uye ions. Zvinofanira akawedzera kuti dissociation kwacho zvakunoita zvose zvinhu ane Ionic uye covalent polar mhando kwemakemikari zvisungo. Dzidziso electrolytic dissociation akagadzira akakurumbira Swedish kemisiti uye yefizikisi Svante Arrhenius muna 1887.