Chii chinonzi mari mubhengi? Umo gore paiva pakutanga mari mubhangi

Nhasi, mashoko okuti "mari mubhengi" kubva vakawanda kuparadzwa, uye hatidi kunyange kufunga nezvokuti nyika kutungamirira kubhengi - Sberbank - yakawedzera nekuda chiitiko ichi. Fani iyi zvemari akaita uye sei akunoita kupi? Munyaya ino tichataura pamusoro mugore chii paiva mari mubhengi, uyo vokutanga vaikwira mashandiro ichi uye kuti kushanduka-shanduka mari mabhanga yaiitirwa ano chikwereti tsika.

Pfungwa nemari

Kana munhu akaonekwa yemuraudzo upfumi, akatanga kufunga kwavo Kuchengetedzwa ndisa. Ndiwo sei pfungwa nemari. Chokutanga, izvi zvinoshanda chigadzirwa - vanhu kwagara hunhu kuita zvokudya kana nzara. Zvemazvirokwazvo nezveuchenjeri basa, saka muviri wedu anoisa zvakawandisa macalorie ari mafuta pazvirugu, uye mumwe murume, sezvinoita tsindi Somuenzaniso, unoita mumatanda ramangwana.

Asi pfungwa okuponesa chokuita ndichengetedze mari. Kokutanga vanhu vanouya mupfungwa kuchengetera mari yemberi kushandisa akawanda makumi ezviuru emakore akapfuura. Somuenzaniso, muna China paiva tsika kumbosendeka mari uri "zuva dema" nevhu hari chisimbiso. Kusvina mari kubva ipapo zvaigoneka chete nokuputsa mudziyo. Kwemazana emakore akawanda, vanhu chete bvisa nzira, havana kuuya chero mari, uye chete kana paiva pfungwa unogona kuisa mari avo mubhanga, paiva mari mubhengi.

Pfungwa imwe mari kubhengi

Zvishoma nezvishoma akaumba chaiwo zvemari mashandiro, izvo akabvumira kusikwa kuwanda uye nokudaro kugamuchira mari. Mari mubhengi - sangano chinokwezva kubva yevagari uye kubhadhara depositor mubereko. Zvingangoitika kuti kuwedzera guru inopiwa ari issuance mari munguva kushandisa avo (chikwereti) nokuti ivo, uyewo, kubhadhara keshiya.

Nhasi, mumari nemabhengi nemabhangi vari chikamu chinokosha emari chero nyika. Panotova waivako mitemo mhuri nemari, izvo nechokwadi kutsiga zvoupfumi. Uyewo, bhuku guru-okuponesa wakanaka chokuratidza kuti tinyatsonzwisisa zvinonyatsorehwa ezvinhu neHurumende. Sezvo vanhu vanotanga aise mari chete kana paine zvakakwana vavo.

Misimboti mari mubhangi oparesheni

Pane atotendeukira chetsika nzira kuunganidza mari ramangwana kudyiwa nevanhu - mari mubhengi. Mipiro vanhu vauye mari yavo, inova huru kuita mu tsika mari vaishandisa kusika kwavo kuchengeterwa mari, pane rinopeta mari regirazi chirongo kumba muwadhiropu. Asi apo anoita batsiro ichi?

Kubhadhara kufarira vanhu, zvigadziriswe vaviri anogona kushandiswa. Chokutanga anozivikanwa somunhu chepiramidhi: vanoita vanogamuchira kufarira tichiregeredza ichangobva kukwezvwa vatengi vaiuya mari yavo. In zano ichi pane mukuru unogona kukundikana, sezvo paine vakawanda kushaya mumwe deposits kwakaita kuti pokuwa, uye vamwe vatengi havazogamuchiri kwete kufarira chete, asi akaitawo mari.

A mashandiro yechipiri zvikuru kuoma. Anoreva kuti mari, kuitira kuti vauye mari, zvinokwanisika nokukweretesa kuti mubereko kana mari neimwe kwemari zvigadziriswe. Mari mabhanga kunyanya mashandiro ari "mupiro-chikwereti-kufarira" pasina mari.

Nyaya mumari mabhanga munyika

Kokutanga nheyo mari mari mashandiro akanga akagadzira munyori D. Defoe, uyo akanga kufunga sei kutanga kufanoona vemo. Achishandisa pfungwa dzake 1778 muHamburg, imwe munharaunda entrepreneur akavhura imwe hofisi kugamuchira mari deposits pa 3%, izvo zvaizoita kuti vakadzoka pamusoro kudiwa yacho depositor. Asi zvino pfungwa kwaingova yomunharaunda Implementation.

Boom mari mabhanga anotanga muEngland panguva dzoro XVIII-XIX emakore. Zvino paiva pakutanga mari mubhangi kuti akavimbisa kudzoka musi mari uye risiti mhindu. wokutanga mutemo yeBritain yakadaro masangano zvemari rakagamuchirwa muna 1817. Vakarayirwa kuisa vakakwereta mari chete mari yakachengeteka uye hurumende zvisungo. Saka akatanga kubatsirana pakati mumari nemabhengi nehurumende upfumi. Iye akagamuchira mamwe mari uye akurudzire vanhu kuti kusika nemari.

Pakutanga, mumari mabhanga dzakagadzirwa zvikuru rakadzikadzika mapoka mari. Naizvozvo, ikaiswa kufadza kukura mupiro makirogiramu 150. Izvi akabvumira varombo kusika wezvemari "piro kuchengeteka" kunjodzi aivawo kubatsira hurumende uye hombe capitalists, nokuti anobvisa kwavari kudikanwa kutarisira varombo, vanorwara kana varasikirwa nemabasa avo. With pakutanga XIX remakore, mari nemabhangi akatanga kuonekwa munyika dzakawanda dzokuEurope uye muUnited States.

Yokutanga mari Banks Russia

Handina kupfuura ichi tiguu uye Russian Empire. Yokutanga mari bhengi munyika iri 1839 pedyo Kesari chirevo. Ava vaiva nemari uye ancillary mahofisi kuvarimi - sezvo hurumende yakatanga gadziriro yayo nokuda abolition kuti serfdom.

Muna 1841, zvakare panguva behest wamambo wokutanga matunhu neminisiparati mari nemabhangi muMoscow uye St. Petersburg akazarurwa. Chokutanga, kuwanda shoma mupiro iri masendi 50, uye kufadza - 300 rubles, uye gare gare nhamba idzi zvakanga zvawanda. The rokutanga nemasangano aya zvakasikwa panguva emakambani uye voruzhinji mabasa, uye akatanga kuvhura mahofisi pane mahofisi muna 1880 pamusoro State Bank, panzvimbo mahofisi nepazviteshi zvechitima.

Kuwedzera zvinoda deposits, pano tinotora deposits "zvimiso", kureva kufambidzana, pasi zvimwe zvinhu, uyewo mipiro kuna kuchengetedzeka. Vashandi kuti mabhanga, saka, anoita somunhu murevereri pakati vagari uye hurumende. Gare gare, paiva neimwe mabasa inishuwarenzi youpenyu vemo. Uyewo, mari pakupera ari XIX remakore zvave paku ari Implementation hurumende zvisungo, uyewo kuti kuhwina kwezvikwereti. Zvishoma nezvishoma akava multifunctional mari uye chikwereti neanokweretesa sangano.

Mari pemahombekombe reSoviet nguva

Mushure kubvuta masimba muna 1917, hurumende itsva yakazivisa yokutanga pachena deposits sacrosanct uye zvikwereti vamambo - akadzima. Mitengo zvishoma nezvishoma kwakaita kuti of facto kuderedza pamusoro deposits. Mushure World Wokutanga Civil War, zvakaziviswa kuti New Economic Policy, uye mutsva Chishandiso zvemari - mari Bank of USSR.

Masangano Ndivo Achishandisa mari isati chavainyanya basa raiva kuchengetedza mubairo vashandi munguva mitengo. Nokufamba kwenguva, ivowo akaisa Vagari inishuwarenzi ishande. Muna 1925, hurumende yakanga akasimbisa mamiriro mari pamahombekombe USSR. Ivo zvakagoverwa siyana mhando deposits, pashure vakaita zvikwereti hurumende uye kutengeswa richakunda zvisungo.

Pakazosvika 1933, munyika yakanga vanopfuura zviuru 50 nemari mabhanga. Panguva yeHondo Yenyika II, hurumende ndakadaro ari deposits vokuparidzira, uye mari zvava kuchikosha mukuita rehurumende paaizvidzivirira kugona. Pashure pehondo mari kuchinja uye mazuvaano pamusoro mari mabhanga akanga akatakurwa kunze. Gare gare, hurumende aishingaira kushandisa zvivako izvi nokuda kwezvipfuwo nokukwereta kubva kuruzhinji.

Sezvo mamiriro ezvinhu zvoupfumi muna USSR mumakore 60-70 yakanga yakananga: yevagari aiva mari, asi kuipedzera kazhinji haana kuti, hurumende yakakurudzira vanhu bhizimisi mari yaro hurumende zvisungo uye paumbwe akachengeta nyaya. Zvino yakabuda sezvo yakakurumbira sirogani: "Rambai mari yako mune mari mubhengi!". With shanduko zvoupfumi mutemo ari 90s aiva chaiwo nechando uye haasaruri Kudzimwa kwechikwereti deposits. Hurumende ichiri mubayiro paltry muripo vamwe sectors vemo. Kusvikira pakuguma nzira ichi chisingaoneki.

Mari mabhanga nhasi

Nhasi, munyika dzakawanda kuramba kutanga zvemari sehurumende mari mubhengi. Masangano aya nechinangwa kukwezva svikiro kadikidiki deposits kubva kuruzhinji. Kunyange zvakadaro, mari - ichi chinhu chiduku duku chikamu ano mari ichaita dzakabudirira upfumi. Somuenzaniso, muna Italy Somuenzaniso, izvozvo unoshanda 87 zvose mari mabhanga ari US ivo pamusana mashomanana muzana zvinonakisa zvemari turnover munyika. Akadaro zvinoderedza nemasangano aya aiva pamusana munyika rwezvemabhengi hurongwa.

Nemari nemabhengi dzavo specificity

Nokufamba kwenguva, mune States zhinji, mumari mabhanga vave dzikwanise nemari mabhanga. Chii ichi zvinoreva kuti nyore user? Masangano aya dzipe rubatsiro. Haugoni chete kuziva rakasiyana-siyana deposits, asiwo kutora chikwereti chero zvavanoda, kugadzirisa mubhizimisi zvinangwa, mufambiro kuvhiyiwa pamwe mari uye zvimwe zvinhu zvinokosha.

Banks muri nzvimbo uye mari kushandiswa, anopa zvirongwa inishuwarenzi. Nhasi, pfungwa "mari Bank" iri kuramba ichifamba pedyo yokuti "ezvokutengeserana Bank". Musiyano, vachingoshandisa, ndiyo chete havaoni - kazhinji nemari mabhanga mumwe vaitungamirira havaoni ari mamiriro.

Sberbank kweRussia

Pane imwe nguva ari USSR, Chief Financial sirogani, sezvo isu kare ambotaurwa, aiva okuti: "Rambai mari yako mune mari mubhengi." sirogani Izvi zvinoshandawo kune pari Sberbank kweRussia, uye kwete pasina chikonzero. Muna 1988, hurumende mari mabhanga vave restructured uye kuva mari Bank (Sberbank). Uye kusvikira zvino, vanhu tine pfungwa yakasimba kuti kusava pamahombekombe, kunyange zvazvo iye makore 90 okuberekwa akava pamwe wemari pamwe private guta. Asi mamiriro anoramba rokutambudzikira aro Sberbank uye Anoshingaira kutsigira izvozvo, pova Positioning sezvo nyika huru bhengi.

Mhando mari bhangi kwacho

Pakutanga, chero nechepakati mari mubhengi anogamuchira deposits kubva kuruzhinji kufarira pasi kudiwa, ipapo paiva nguva deposits uye kutengeswa zvisungo. Nhasi, mumari mabhanga kupa mari kugarwa mabasa, mari Exchange, dhipoziti mabasa, uyewo anomukweretesa uye inivhesitimendi. Mukuwedzera, mumari Bank anopa muunganidzwa mabasa, kushanda pamwe kuchengetedzeka uye nezvimwe zvinhu, inishuwarenzi okubhengi, upenyu uye pfuma.

Mashandiro anoita mari kubhengi

Unonyanya kukosha basa, izvo anoita mari kubhangi, ndiko kusimudza yevagari. Mupfungwa iyi, mumari mabhanga mberi tsika iyi - ndivo mukuru chishandiso pakuunganidza mari uye nokupinza muvira upfumi chaihwo.

Izvi masangano ezvemari chinomubatanidza inokosha upfumi, sezvo zvinopa kufamba guru, uyewo inotokonya vokuparidzira chokusika nemari, izvo unoitawo basa rinokosha mune zvemari ezvinhu ehurumende.