Facultative anaerobes - chii ichi? Mienzaniso uye kupatsanura

Nevamiririri Monera umambo, uyewo vamwe parasitic nehonye uye algae uye hunokuvadza vanoonekwa ne rinokosha oxidation kuti makemikari yeimwe kuitika pasina samolecular okisijeni kana panguva yakaderera yevasungwa. Zvipenyu munzvimbo okisijeni isina ezvinhu - nayo anaerobes. Facultative uye unosungira marudzi, uyewo mienzaniso upenyu hwavo uye kupatsanura ichakurukurwa nesu munyaya ino.

Nei uchifanira mweya

Isu tsanangurai kuti tichataura pamusoro inonzi nechomukati, kana cellular, afemeruke. Its chikuru basa ndiko kuti kubudisa simba kubva zvinhu, kunyanya shuga vachipinda sero. Kana oxidation pezvakaitwa achitora chikamu okisijeni - zvipenyu zviduku dzinonzi Kurovedza. Kana munhu achidzingiswa chikamu simba nokuda substrate phosphorylation pasina inflow kuti O ₂ mamorekuru - vari Utachiona, anaerobes.

izwi iri sezvaari nomumwe Lui Pasterom muna 1861, pakutanga aishanda chete mamwe marudzi prokaryotes kuita butyric asidhi chinovira. Mazuva zvidukuduku pasi zita iri zvinenge zvose zvabatanidzwa, achishandisa chokupedzisira acceptor haisi okisijeni, uye nitrates, rehydrogen kana makemikari yeimwe. Respiratoria cheni Kurovedza, facultative uye unosungira anaerobes, izvo isu funga pazasi, pezvakaitwa pavaiita simba muviri, kuburikidza izvo oxidation kuti shuga, mafuta uye amino acids kuti co _2, H ₂ O uye NH _3. Note kuti anaerobic muviri zvishoma basa kudarika oxygen. Izvi imhaka yokuti kukura pasina okisijeni inoda zvakawanda substrate, eg shuga. Energy somugumisiro kukamurwa okisijeni-vakasununguka mikoko zvakare duku. Somuenzaniso, apo glycolysis - 2 moles nomumwe ATP kubva shuga Morekuru, nepo okisijeni cleavage pamusoro synthesized mamorekuru 36 adenosine triphosphate.

The siyana anaerobes

Mumazuva ano kupatsanura zvinosanganisira marudzi akasiyana zvipenyu, kunyanya utachiona. Somuenzaniso, facultative anaerobes - a single- kana multi-celled mhando prokaryotes, zvinomera kana notumwe, izvo catabolism hakurevi O _2. Asi kuvapo kwake cytosol muchitokisi kana ari kwokunze zvakatipoteredza Hazvisi vanhu zvinouraya. Somuenzaniso, izvi zvinosanganisira utachiona dzevanhu utachiona: anginal streptococcus hemolytic anonzi Staphylococcus. Vane facultative anaerobes, uye mamwe mabhakitiriya, vane zvokurarama nazvo kubatsira vanhu. Saka thermophilic Streptococcus muchinamatira lactose kuti C ₃ H ₆ O _3, rinoshandiswa pagadzirwe yakavira mukaka zvigadzirwa: ruomba, mukaka yakashapa, nyoro chizi. Mukurapa, zviri hunokosha kweShanduro probiotics akashandiswa kudzivirira manyoka uye enterocolitis-siyana etiology. Kuramba chete kupatsanura pakati anaerobes, cherechedza makroaerofilov kugara mhoteredzo wevasungwa kuti O ₂ asingadi kupfuudza 0.5-1%.

Pakati pavo, vazhinji dzevanhu pathogenic mhando, akadai streptococci, zvichikonzera pharyngitis, uye chirwere cheLyme. Mamwe facultative aerobes vanogara gastrointestinal yevanhu turakiti, zvichiita-siyana gastritis uye mudumbu maronda. The causative mutumwa pamusoro zvirwere zvinozivikanwa Helicobacter. A dzakawanda makroaerofilov chokuita facultative anaerobes, zvinoda kwavo muviri mukuru zviri carbon dioxide. Izvi zvinonzi prokaryotes capnophile.

Respiratoria cheni facultative anaerobes

Tichidzidza hunhu boka iri kwemabhakitiriya muviri. Under Murabhoritari mamiriro, takawana kuti vanogona kuva takatsunga muna kugadzirisa kuti makemikari zvinhu ine zvakasiyana uremu inorwara reokisijeni. anaerobes izvi zvichaita -wedzera pedyo pasi chubhu, sezvamakaropafadzwa wevasungwa pakati O ₂ yakaderera. Izvi imhaka yokuti facultative anaerobes - a bacteria kuti mishonga duku okisijeni havana chakakomba zvikuvadze. Pakuvamba isu kutaurwa kuti mamwe mapoka mabhakitiriya Somuenzaniso, denitrifying, chokupedzisira acceptor vari nitrate - senitrogen yeimwe, oxidation kare.

The kufema cheni facultative anaerobes mu CATALYTIC siyana zvinobatanidzwa enzayemu nitrate reductase, izvo zvinopa Erekitironi chokufambisa pamusoro Ion NO ₃ ^-. Mabhakitiriya aya ndiwo prokaryotes ari genera Micrococcus, Pseudomonas. Yavanogara madziva uye ivhu nyoro. Mabhakitiriya aya kushandisa nitrate okisijeni asidhi munyu somunhu Erekitironi acceptor, akatakura vanonzi "nitrate afemeruke".

Basa enzayemu iri catabolism utachiona

The muviri zvigare zvinokosha kushanda CATALYTIC gadziriro rinoitwa, akapa cytochromes, catalase, flavin makemikari, peroxidase. Saka, flavoproteins kukonzera nhengo unobva substrate uye yakachena mamorekuru, iyo zvino vari airarama rehydrogen peroxide. Akapiwa chokwadi kuti facultative anaerobes - ndivo tusingaoneki muviri kunoitika zvose pamberi O _2, uye munzvimbo okisijeni isina kwezvakatipoteredza, marudzi awa maviri prokaryotes zvinogona kupatsanurwa. Ngationgororei navo zvizere.

Mhando facultative kwemabhakitiriya

Aerobes, anaerobes, facultative anaerobes, microaerophiles - pasi nokururamisira kwakakwana prokaryotes, kufema cheni riri zvishomanana kana zvachose novimba kuvapo inotonhorera mhinduro yakachena mamorekuru. Somuenzaniso, allerotolerantnye oxidizing utachiona lactose, kukura pamberi O ₂ asi kuishandisa ari kufema cheni. Ivo synthesize simba nokuda chinovira zvavaifunga. Other Opsioneel anaerobes, semuenzaniso, mbiriso masero, zvichienderana makemikari anoumba substrate vanokwanisa kupfuura kubva chinovira muitiro kuti okisijeni kufema.

Cytochromes vavo kukosha mune muviri

Complex mapuroteni - proteid pakusanganisirawo heme (simbi tubhokisi prosthetic boka) - iri cytochromes. Nokuitawo cellular afemeruke mune utachiona uye mbiriso, ivo vose vaipa uye Erekitironi acceptors. Iron atomu prosthetic boka reversibly kuchinja oxidation hurumende +2 kusvika +3. Izvi zvinobvumira kutakura maerekitironi kubva cytochrome dehydrogenase kuti acetaldehyde kana pyruvic acid. Facultative aerobes, anaerobes uye microaerophiles Erekitironi acceptors anogona kupiwa nokuda mamorekuru pamusoro carbon dioxide, rehydrogen ions, amino acids.

Meaning prokaryotes, anaerobes ari kutenderera Nhau zvakasikwa

Hazvifungiki zvinogara organogenic chikuru okunze, semuenzaniso, senitrogen kuitika biosphere pasi, pasina kubatanidzwa zvigare. Sezvo facultative anaerobes - anonyanya denitrifying utachiona, ivo vanokwanisa kuderedza soluble mune nitric asidhi munyu kuti ivhu kana N ₂ O kune vakasununguka senitrogen. Denitrification anotora nzvimbo kupfuura vachishingaira mu nevhu ine zvakawandisa yakawanda mvura uye nitrogenous fetiraiza. Somugumisiro nemakemikari rusununguko senitrogen mamorekuru kamwe ndikadzokerazve chadenga nokuvhara ichitanga transformations ayo zvakasikwa.

Probiotics uye nechirevo dzavo kwevanhu

Vanopfuura 500 mhando utachiona kuti vagere gastrointestinal yevanhu turakiti, chinokosha nzvimbo inogarwa facultative anaerobes. Hazvina pakutanga vamiririri genera Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Candida. Nhamba huru pavo iri huru ura. It utachiona inodzora motility (kufamba zvavo chikafu) uye synthesize mavhitaminzi B uye C. Ivo dzinoitawo kukura anodzivirira mapuroteni - immunoglobulin, uye avo uyewo, zvinopa bactericidal intestinal mukati. Medical netsvakurudzo kuti zviri utachiona ari munhu muura zvinoderedza zvikuru pashure zvirwere nokuda anogumbura pezvakaitwa uye pashure asingaurayiwi kurapa.

Kudzorera microflora iri nemudumbu kushandisa zvinodhaka - probiotics. Inosanganisira chinobatsira facultative anaerobes - bifidobacteria uye lactobacilli. Kamwe ari munhu muura, ivo nechokwadi zvarakanga nokushanda uye kuderedza Migumisiro yakaipa pamusoro. The anowanzodanwa kushandiswa probiotics nekusimba mukati gastroenterology - a "Hilak Forte", "Linex", "Laktovit".