Chii chinonzi mitochondria? Basa ravo nemabasa avo

Mitochondria ndeimwe yezvikamu zvakakosha zvesepi. Vanonziwo ma chondriosomes. Izvo zvinonzi granular kana filamentous organelles, izvo zvikamu zve cytoplasm yemiti nemhuka. Ivo ndivo vatori veAXM molecules, iyo inonyanya kukosha kune dzimwe nzira dziri muchitokisi.

Chii chinonzi mitochondria?

Mitochondria ndiyo simba remasero emasero, basa razvo rinotarisana nekusvibiswa kwezvinhu zvinokonzerwa nehupenyu uye kushandiswa kwesimba rakasunungurwa panguva yekuparara kweMEM molecules. Nyanzvi dzezvinyorwa muzvinyorwa zvisinganzwisisi dzinodana iyo nzvimbo yekugadzira magetsi kwemasero. Muna 1850 mitochondria yakaonekwa muchimiro chegranules mumasumbu. Nhamba yavo yakasiyana zvichienderana nekukura kwemamiriro ezvinhu: inowedzera yakawanda mumasero aya apo pane kukwana kukuru kwe okisijeni. Izvi zvinowanzoitika nekuita basa. Mumiviri yakadaro kune kushaya simba kwemaoko, izvo zvinozadzwa nemitochondria.

Kuonekwa kweshoko uye nzvimbo munyaya ye symbiogenesis

Muna 1897, Bend akatanga kutaurira pfungwa ye "mitochondria" kureva granular uye mafungiro akangwara mu cytoplasm yemasero. Mune chimiro uye zvakakura, zvakasiyana-siyana: uhu hwakaita 0.6 μm, urefu hunobva 1 kusvika 11 μm. Muzviitiko zvisingaiti mitochondria inogona kuva yehukuru hukuru uye branclin junction.

Mune pfungwa ye symbiogenesis, pfungwa yakajeka inopiwa yeiyo mitochondria uye kuti yakaonekwa sei mumasero. Inoti chondriosoma yakatanga mukugadzirisa kuparadza kwebhakitiriya nemaabhakitiriya, prokaryotes. Sezvo vakanga vasingakwanisi kushandisa simba rega oxygen kuti vawane simba, izvi zvakadzivirira kufambiswa kwavo zvizere, uye vamiririri vangave vasina kukundikana. Mukushanduka-shanduka, kuwirirana pakati pavo kwave kwakagonesa vamiririri kuti vashandise majini avo ikozvino kuEukaryotes. Nekuda kwekufambira mberi uku, mitochondria haisizve zvipenyu zvakasiyana. Mazai avo emagetsi haagoni kuzadzika zvizere, sezvo zvishoma zvakadzivirirwa nemasikirwo aripo mune chero sero.

Vanogara kupi?

Mitochondria inowanikwa munzvimbo idzi dze cytoplasm, uko kune chido cheAATP. Semuenzaniso, mumisungo yemisumbu yemwoyo inenge iri pedyo ne myofibrils, uye mu spermatozoa inoumba chidziviriro chekudzivirira chakakomberedza dhiyo ye bundle. Ikoko vanobudisa simba rakawanda kuitira kuti "muswe" upinde. Iyi ndiyo nzira iyo mbeu inofamba nayo kuii.

Mumasero, mitochondria itsva inoumbwa nekuparadzaniswa kwezvinyorwa zvekare. Munguva yacho, ruzivo rwehupenyu hwose rwakachengetwa.

Mitochondria: maitiro avanoita sei

Chimiro chemitochondria chinofanana ne cylinder. Inowanzowanikwa muEukaryotes, inotora 10 kusvika ku21% yeyero yevhesi. Masimba uye maumbirwo akasiyana zvakasiyana-siyana uye anokwanisa kusiyana zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu, asi hupamhi hunogara: 0.5-1 μm. Kufambisa kwemakondonosomes kunobva pane masero ayo anoshandisa kuparadza nokukurumidza kwesimba. Akafambisa pamwe chete ne cytoplasm, achishandisa kushandura chimiro che cytoskeleton. Kubviswa kwemitochondria, iyo yakasiyana nekukura, kushanda zvakasiyana kune imwe uye kugovera dzimwe nzvimbo dze cytoplasm, yakareba uye yakawanda mitochondria. Vanokwanisa kupa simba kumasero ari kure kwazvo. Basa rakafanana rekushandiswa kwekondriosomes rinoratidzirwa kwete muzvisikwa zveunicellular, asiwo mune zvinyorwa zvakawanda. Chimiro chakaoma kwazvo che chondriomas chinowanikwa mumasumbu emammalian skeleton, uko mabhizimisi makuru emakondaniosomes anonamatira kune mumwe nomumwe achishandisa maitiro e-intermithochondrial (MMC).

Izvo zvipfupi zvakapetwa pakati pedzimwe mitochondrial membrane. Iyi nzvimbo ine uwandu hwemagetsi epamusoro. MMKs anowanzowanikwa mumasero emutsipa wemwoyo, paanosunga pamwe nekushanda chondriosomes.

Kuti tinzwisise zviri nani nyaya yacho, tinofanira kutsanangura muchidimbu kukosha kwemitochondria, chimiro uye mabasa ezvishamiso izvi.

Vanorongwa sei?

Kuti unzwisise kuti mitochondria chii, unofanira kuziva chimiro chavo. Izvi zvisingawanzo simba rine simba rakagadzirwa nebhora, asi rinowanzotorwa. Mhemberero mbiri dziri pedyo nemumwe nemumwe:

• Kunze (kunatsika);
• Mukati, iyo inoumba kubuda kwemashizha (cristae) uye tubular (tubula) mafomu.

Kana iwe usingafungi ukuru uye maitiro e mitochondria, maitiro avo nemabasa zvakafanana. Iyo chondriosoma inogadziriswa nemakumbo maviri, 6 nm muhukuru. Nhengo yekunze ye mitochondria yakafanana nesimbi inodzivirira kubva kune hyaloplasm. Icho chinyama chemukati chinobva kunze chinoparadzanisa chikamu 11-19 nm muhupamhi. Chiratidzo chemukati memukati ndiko kukwanisa kwayo kuputira mu mitochondria, kutora fomu yeplatesed crests.
Iko mukati me mitochondria yakazadzwa nematrikisi ane chimiro chakaisvonaka, apo dzimwe nguva mafungu uye granules (15-20 nm) zvinowanikwa. Matrix fibers inoita DNA molecules ye organelles, uye magranules emaduku mashoma ndeye mitochondria ribosomes.

Synthesis yeAtP muchitanga chekutanga inowanikwa mu hyaloplasm. Panguva ino, pane huniyasi yekutanga ye substrates kana glucose kuti pyruvic acid. Aya maitiro anoenda pasina oxygen - anaerobic oxidation. Chikamu chinotevera chekugadzira simba ndechokuti aerobic oxidation uye kuparara kweAATP, izvi zvinowanikwa mumitochondria yemasero.

Chii chinonzi mitochondria?

Zvinonyanya kushanda zvegumbeti ndezvi:

• Kugadzirwa kwemagetsi kwemasero;

• Kuchengetedza ruzivo rwekuzvarwa nenzira yeDNA yake.

Kuvapo kwemitochondria ye deoxyribonucleic acid zvakare kunotsigira chidzidzo chechimbiotic chekuonekwa kweizvi organelles. Uyewo, kunze kwebasa guru, ivo vanobatanidzwa mukutanga kwehomoni uye amino acids.

Mitochondrial pathology

Kuchinja kwemuviri kunowanikwa mujenome ye mitochondria kunotadzisa kuora mwoyo. Mutakuri wehutano hwevanhu ndeyeDNA, iyo inoendeswa kune dzinza kubva kuvabereki, uye mitochondrial genome inoparadzirwa chete kubva kuna amai. Izvi zvinotsanangurwa zvakanyatsojeka: iyo cytoplasm ine chondriosomes yakaiswa mairi inopiwa kuvana pamwe neii yeii, mu spermatozoa haipo. Vakadzi vane chisingaoneki vanogona kutumira chirwere chemitochondrial kuvana, murume anorwara haasi.

Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadai, ma chondriosomes ane kopi imwechete yeDNA - homoplasmy. Mu mitochondrial genome, kuchinja kunogona kuitika, nekuda kwekubatana kwemasero ane utano uye mutated, heteroplasm inowanikwa.

Kuonga mushonga wemazuva ano kusvika nhasi, zvirwere zvinopfuura 200 zvakave zvichiratidzwa, chikonzero chacho chakanga chiri kuchinja kweMitochondria DNA. Haasi ose mhaka, asi kugadzirisa kurapa uye kurapa zvirwere zvemitochondrial zvinogumburwa zvakanaka.

Saka takaongorora kuti mitochondria iri chii. Kungofanana nedzimwe nhengo dzose dzega, dzinokosha zvikuru kune sero. Vanonyatsopindira kuita zvese izvo zvinoda simba.