Tsika yevanhu: tsanangudzo. Zvikamu zvevanhu vemasikati

Society is complex complex nature and structure, the elements of which are people. Kushamwaridzana kwavo uye hukama hwakagadzirirwa nehuwandu hwemagariro evanhu, mabasa uye mabasa avanoita, mitemo uye maitiro anowanzogamuchirwa muhurongwa, pamwe chete nehuunhu hwavo. Ruzhinji rwakakamurwa kuva mhando mitatu: tsika, tsika uye post-industrial. Chimwe nechimwe chazvo chine zvinhu zvaro zvakasiyana uye zvinoshanda.

Muchikamu chino, sangano rezvetsika (tsanangudzo, maitiro, zvinyorwa, mienzaniso, nezvimwe) zvichafungidzirwa.

Chii ichocho?

Murume wezuva ranhasi wezera remabhizimisi, asingazivi nhoroondo uye masayendisiti evanhu, angave asinganzwisisi kuti "tsika yevanhu" ndeyei. Tsanangudzo yeiyi pfungwa ichakurukurwa pasi apa.

Nzanga yevanhu vanoita basa maererano nemitemo yemitemo. Kazhinji zvinonzwisiswa semadzinza, zvekare uye zvekudzokera shure. Izvo sangano rine ruzivo rwekugarisa, ine zvivako zvisingaiti uye nedzimwe nzira dzehutano uye hutsika huri maererano nemitemo. Zvinotendwa kuti dzakawanda zvenhoroondo yevanhu yaiva panguva iyi.

Rudzi rwemadzitateguru, tsanangudzo yeiyo inokurukurwa munyaya ino, isarudzo yezvikwata zvevanhu vari mumatanho akasiyana ekugadzirisa uye havana ruzivo rwakakura rwemabhizimisi. Icho chinogadzirisa chimwe chinhu mukugadzirwa kwemasangano ehurumende akadaro ndeyekurima.

Mamiriro evanhu vedzinza

Sangano revanhu vanoratidzika sezviitiko zvinotevera:

1. Kuderera kwekutengesa, kusangana nezvido zvevanhu pane zvishoma.
2. Simba guru.
3. Kusagamuchirwa kwezvinhu zvitsva.
4. Kurongeka uye kutonga kwehupenyu hwevanhu, hupfumi, masangano, tsika.
5. Sekutonga, munharaunda yemagariro, chero kuratidzwa kwehumwe rusununguko kunorambidzwa.
6. Dzidzo yehutano, yakatsaurirwa netsika, inofungidzirwa isingazungunuki - kunyange kufunga kwekugona kwavo kuchinja kunoonekwa semhosva.

Economy of the traditional society

Sangano revanhu vemazuva ano rinonzi sarudzo, nokuti inobva mune zvekurima. Kugadzirisa kwaro kunoenderana nekurima kwechirimwa nekubatsira kwemajo uye kushanda mombe. Nokudaro, chikamu chakafanana chevhu chinogona kushandiswa kakawanda, semugumisiro wekugara kwemisha usingagumi.

Sangano rezvemagariro rinowanzozivikanwa nekushandiswa kwakawanda kwebasa rebhuku, iyo yakawanda nzira yekugadzirwa, kusavapo kwemafambisi emabhizimusi ekutengeserana (iyo inowanzoshandiswa pakutsinhanisa uye kugoverwa). Izvi zvakaita kuti kuve nekugadzirwa kwevanhu kana makirasi.

Mhando dzehuyo muzvivako zvakadaro, sekutonga, pamwe. Chero humwe huratidziro hwevanhu pachavo hahuzivikanwi uye hunorambidzwa neruzhinji, uye hunofungawo kuti hune ngozi, sezvo inotyora urongwa hwakagadzirirwa uye mararamiro evanhu. Izvo hazvina mafungiro ekusimudzirwa kwesayenzi netsika, saka hutaneti hwakawanda hunoshandiswa mumativi ose.

Zvematongerwo enyika

Nzvimbo yezvematongerwe enyika munharaunda yakadaro inoratidzwa nesimba rehurumende, iro rakagara nhaka. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuti nenzira iyi chete ndiyo inokwanisika kuchengetedza tsika yacho kwenguva refu. Ihutungamiri huri munharaunda yakadaro hwakanga huri hukuru (simba raive nhaka raiva mumaoko evakuru). Vanhu vakanga vasina chavanoita mune zvematongerwo enyika.

Kazhinji kune pfungwa pamusoro pekubva kuna Mwari kumunhu aiva mumaoko ake simba iri. Panyaya iyi, vezvematongerwo enyika anenge ari pasi pechitendero uye zvinoitwa chete maererano nemirairo matsvene. Kubatanidzwa kwesimba renyika uye yezvokunamata kwakaita kuti zvive nyore kuti vanhu vawedzere kuenderera mberi kunyika. Izvi, zvakare, zvakasimbisa kusimba kwevanhu vemazuva ano.

Social relations

Munharaunda yehukama hwemagariro evanhu, zviitiko zvinotevera zvevanhu vanogona kusiyaniswa:

1. Patriarchal device.
2. Chinangwa chikuru chekushanda kwevanhu vakadaro ndiko kuchengetedza hupenyu hwevanhu nekudzivisa kuparara kwaro semhando.
3. Kuderera kwekugara kwevanhu.
4. Sangano rezvemagariro rinoratidzirwa nekupatsanurwa kuzvivako. Mumwe nomumwe wavo akasiyana nevamwe.
5. Kuongororwa kwomunhu mumwechete maererano nenzvimbo iyo vanhu vanogara muhutano hwemashure.
6. Munhu haazvinzwi kuti ari munhu, anofunga kuti iye oga ari weboka rimwe chete kana kuti nharaunda.

Nzvimbo yemweya

Munharaunda yemweya, sangano revanhu vanoratidzirwa nezvitendero zvakakomba uye mafungiro ehutsika, akaiswa kubva pauduku. Mimwe mitambo nemitemo yaiva chikamu chinokosha chehupenyu hwehupenyu. Kunyora munzanga yezvakadaro saizvozvi kwakanga kusipo. Ndokusaka tsika dzose netsika dzakaparadzirwa mumuromo.

Ukama nehupenyu uye nyika yakapoteredza

Kufuridzirwa kwevanhu vemasikirwo emasikirwo akange asina maturo uye asina basa. Izvi zvaive zvakakonzerwa nekutsika kwemarara kusimirirwa kunomirirwa nemombe yekuberekwa nekurima. Uyewo kune dzimwe nyika kune mitemo mitemo yechitendero iyo inoreva kuti kusvibiswa kwezvinhu zvakasikwa.

Maererano nenyika yakapoteredza, yakavharwa. Sangano revanhu vemazuva ose rine simba rayo rakazvidzivirira kubva pakushamiswa kwekunze nekunze kwekunze. Somugumisiro, munhu anonzwisisa hupenyu hune static uye husingashanduki. Kuchinja kwakanaka mumasangano akadaro kwakaitika zvishoma nezvishoma, uye kuchinja kwekuchinja kwakaonekwa zvakanyanya kwazvo.

Nharaunda uye tsika dzezvemabhizimusi: kusiyana

Sangano remabhizimisi rakasimuka muzana remakore rechi18, semagumisiro ekushandura kwemabhizimisi, kunyanya muEngland neFrance.

Inofanira kuonekwa zvimwe zvezvimwe zvacho zvakasiyana.
1. Zvinhu zvakasikwa zvekugadzirwa kwemichina.
2. Kurongedza zvikamu uye magungano emhando dzakasiyana. Izvi zvakaita kuti zvibvirire mukugadzirwa kwemazhinji.
3. Chimwe chinhu chinonyanya kukosha ndechokugara mumaguta (kukura mumaguta uye kugadziriswa kwechikamu chikuru chevanhu munharaunda yavo).
4. Kuparadzana kwebasa uye kunyanya kwayo.

Nharaunda dzezvemagariro nemabhizimisi dzine kusiyana kukuru. Yokutanga inoratidzirwa nekuparadzaniswa kwepanyama kwebasa. Pano pano tsika dzechirongwa uye chidimbu chechizvarwa chepamusoro chiripo, hapana kubudisa mashoma.

Tinofanirawo kusimbisa mushure mekugadzirwa kwemaindasitiri. Mutsika, zvakasiyana nezvayo, inotora kubvisa zvisikwa zvepanyika, panzvimbo pokuunganidza mashoko uye kuichengeta.

Mienzaniso yemaitiro evanhu: China

Mienzaniso inoshamisa yenzanga yemhando yemhando inogona kuwanikwa kuMabvazuva kuMiddle Ages uye mazuva ano. Pakati pavo, tinofanira kutaura nezveIndia, China, Japan, Ottoman Empire.

China kubva kare kare yakanga yakasiyana nemasimba emasimba enyika. Nenzira yekushanduka-shanduka, sangano renyika ino rakagadziriswa . Nokuti China inoratidzirwa nekugadziriswa kusingaperi kwemaitiro akawanda (kukurudzira, dambudziko, kusagadzikana kwevanhu). Inofanira kuonekwawo kubatana kwe simba remweya uye rechitendero munyika ino. Nenzira, mambo akatambira izvo zvinonzi "Mandate yeDenga" - chiremera chaMwari chekutonga.

Japan

Kubudirira kweJapan muMiddle Ages uye munguva dzemazuva ano kunotitenderawo kuti titaure kuti kwaiva nevevanhu vedzinza, tsanangudzo yeiyo inokurukurwa munyaya ino. Vose vagari venyika yeZuva Rinobuda rakakamurwa kuva makirasi mana. Wekutanga samurai, daimyo uye shogun (munhu akafanisa simba guru rezvepasi). Vaiva nechinzvimbo chakanaka uye vaiva nekodzero yekutakura zvombo. Yechipiri masimba - varimi, avo vaine nyika iyo yekugara nhaka. Wechitatu ndivo vanogadzira uye wechina ndivo vatengesi. Inofanira kuonekwa kuti kutengeserana muJapan kwakaonekwa kusina kukodzera. Izvi zvakakoshawo kusimbisa mitemo yakasimba yehupenyu hwemagariro ehumwe hwemakirasi.

Kusiyana nedzimwe nyika dzemazuva ekumaodzanyemba, kwakanga kusina humwe hwehukuru hwepamusoro uye hwemweya muJapan. Munhu wokutanga akafananidzira shogun. Mumaoko ake yaiva chikamu chikuru cheyika uye simba guru. Uyewo muJapan kwakanga kuri mambo (tenno). Akanga ari mufananidzo we simba remweya.

India

Mienzaniso inoshamisa yemasangano evanhu vanogona kuwanikwa muIndia yose munhoroondo yenyika. Nheyo yeMugul Empire, iri paHindustan Peninsula, inotakura mauto-firk uye caste system. Mutongi mukuru - padishah - aiva muridzi wepanyika yose muhurumende. Vanhu veIndia vainge vakapatsanurana zvikaita mashesi, avo upenyu hwavo hwakanga hwakanyatsogadziriswa nemitemo nemitemo tsvene.