Yakapambadzirwa simbi: tsananguro uye kushandisa zvinhu pasi

The budiriro iri kuzvibatanidza pakukwana. Kuvandudzwa yaibvira maindasitiri uye neveimba kushandiswa nokushandisa zvinhu mberi maitiro. Izvi, kunyanya doped simbi. kusiyana kwavo kutsunga kutsiurwa nezvaanogona quantitative uye Qualitative anoumba yacho alloying zvinhu.

Natural-chiwanikwa simbi

First chake chaakaveza simbi, ine zvivako rakasiyana nehama, zvakanga rwokuzvarwa-doped. The vainyungudutsa prehistoric meteorite simbi zvaiva vakawedzera uwandu nickel. Rinowanikwa mumakuva vekare vokuIjipiti 4-5 zvemakore BC. e., zvakavakwa zvakafanana mapurani monument Qutab Minar muna Delhi (V c). Japanese Dhamasiko minondo zvesimbi, molybdenum zvakakangwa uye paDhamasiko simbi rine tungsten, kwese kuti ano kumhanya. Ndivo nesimbi, mhangura rakanga mined kubva dzimwe nzvimbo.

Alloys okuwana ano ingasanganisira dzinongoitika zvinoumba esimbi uye nonmetallic mavambo, izvo zvinoratidzwa unhu hwavo uye zvivako.

nhoroondo nzira

Hwaro kukura doping rakaumbwa kururamiswa Kukuru Mukutonga kwechiFascist utsotso nzira kuti simbi muEurope muna XVIII remakore. Mune zvimwe chinyakare shanduro crucibles yaishandiswa kare, kusanganisira nokuti simbi weDhamasiko paDhamasiko simbi. Mukutanga remakore rechi18, mabikirwo yave mukuvandudza pamusoro muindasitiri scale, uye akabvumira kuchinja murwiyo uye unhu pokutangira zvinhu.

• The mawa Kuzarurwa zvakawanda itsva zvine maatomu akafanana, kusundwa vatsvakurudzi kuti experimental simbi kuedza.
• Negative simba mhangura pamusoro simbi yepamusoro.
• Open nendarira ine 6% yesimbi.

Kuedza yaiitwa maererano quantitative uye Qualitative simba pamusoro simbi chiwanikwa pamusoro tungsten, manganese, titanium, molybdenum, cobalt, chromium, Platinum, nickel, aruminiyamu, uye vamwe.

Yokutanga maindasitiri kugadzirwa simbi yakapambadzirwa pamwe manganese, yakasimbiswa pakutanga ari XIX remakore. Zvinoitawo kwakasimbiswa kubvira 1856 sezvo chikamu Bessemer pakunyudutsa simbi.

doping Features

Modern zvinhu kubvumira itye yakapambadzirwa simbi chero sezvamunoita. Dzinokosha zvigadzirwa ichi:

1. Alloying zvinoriumba vanoonekwa chete kana vari patange uye zvakananga zviri nomumwe anopfuura 1%.
2. Sarufa, rehydrogen, phosphorus vaiona tsvina. The nonmetallic inclusions zvinoshandiswa sezvo Boron, senitrogen, nesilicon, isingawanzowanikwi - phosphorus.
3. Volume doping - ndiko kutanga zvakamisa hurongwa kupinda yakanyungudutswa fuma mukati metallurgia indasitiri. The pemvura inofanira pamusoro rukoko diffusion saturation zvakakodzera zvine maatomu akafanana panguva pamatunhu tembiricha.
4. Muna chirungiso kwacho, yokugadziridza crystalline maumbirwo "mwana" mashoko. Vanogona kusika kana kubvisa kupinda kuti mhinduro uye akaisa panguva miganhu yacho esimbi uye asiri esimbi zvivako, ndinosika zvokuimba musanganiswa mbeu. A guru basa reDare pano nokuda mwero solubility ose okunze mune mumwe.

alloying zvinoriumba

Maererano vakawanda kupatsanura, nesimbi vose rakakamurwa dema uye mavara. To zvinosanganisira Black simbi, Chrome uye manganese. Wechitema rakakamurwa lightweight (aruminiyamu, magnesium, potassium), rinorema (nickel, zingi, mhangura), yomuchinda (Platinum, sirivha, nendarama), refractory simbi (tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium, titanium), mapapu, isingawanzowanikwi pasi uye radioactive. By alloying nesimbi anosanganisira chinokosha-siyana chiedza, inorema, anokudzwa uye refractory vasiri ferrous uye zvose dema.

Zvichienderana nhamba zvinhu izvi uye nechepasi simbi Massey wokupedzisira rakakamurwa yakaderera-chiwanikwa (3%), srednelegirovannye (3-10%) uye yakakwirira (anopfuura 10%).

yakapambadzirwa steels

Yemazuva ano, muitiro akananga. The Range rakafara chaizvo. Huru zvinangwa zvinotevera steels:

• Achisimba.
• Kuvandudzwa chafariz kugadzira zvabuda.
• Kuwedzera ngura nemishonga, kupisa nemishonga, kupisa nemishonga, kupisa nemishonga, kuramba hasha anodawo mamiriro, upenyu basa.

Huru zvinoriumba - ferrous chiwanikwa uye refractory nesimbi, izvo zvinosanganisira Kr, MN, W, V, Ti, Mo, uye yechitema Al, Ni, cú.

Chromium uye nickel - huru zvinoriumba zvaraireva Stainless simbi (X18H9T) uye refractory, izvo vanoshanda mamiriro dzinoratidzwa yakakwirira tembiricha kuvhunduka mitoro (15H5). In mari kusvika 1,5% rinoshandiswa kuti mabheyaringi uye kukweshera zvikamu (15HF, SHH15SG)

Manganese - unokosha chezvinonhuwira kusakara nemishonga steels (110G13L). shoma inosimudzira deoxidation, kuderedza Kuwanda phosphorus nesarufa.

Nesilicon uye vanadium - zvinhu kuti mumwe mari yakawedzera elasticity uye anoshandiswa kugadzirwa inamatsime (55S2, 50HFA).

Aluminum zvakakodzera simbi huru zvemagetsi nemishonga (H13YU4).

A chinokosha chakanangana tungsten zviri kugadzikana mukuru-nokukurumidza mudziyo steels (P9 R18K5F2). Yakapambadzirwa chibooreso nokuti simbi ine zvinhu zvikuru zvibereko uye husingakwanisi nokushanda pane imwe kabhoni simbi chokushandisa.

Yakapambadzirwa simbi iri kushandiswa nezuva. Panguva imwe chete kuzivikanwa vanonzi alloys zvinoshamisa ehupfumi vakawana sezvo doping nzira. Saka "yemapuranga simbi" rine 1% chromium uye 35% nickel, iyo anosarudza ayo yakakwirira chafariz conductivity, anozivikanwa huni. Diamond zvakare unotora 1.5% kabhoni, 0.5% chromium uye 5% kubva tungsten, iyo kunozivisa rive zvikuru yakasimba, akafanana nedhaimani.

simbi doping

Rashai necheni steels vakasiyana chinokosha kabhoni kugutsikana (kubvira 2.14 kusvika 6,67%), mukuru kwoukukutu uye ngura nemishonga, asi simba shoma. Kuti vawedzere kuwanda zvivako uye kuratidzira zvikumbiro, zvinonzi doped pamwe chromium, manganese, aruminiyamu, nesilicon, nickel, mhangura, tungsten, vanadium.

Nokuda chaiwo zvechadenga simbi zvinhu zvayo doping - kupfuura yakaoma mutoo kupfuura simbi. Mumwe nomumwe zvakamisa hurongwa zvakunoita kutendeuka kabhoni siyana mairi. Sezvo manganese chinowedzera paumbwe "kodzero" pamusoro graphite, iyo kunonatsiridza mukurumari. Nhanganyaya zvimwe kabhoni anewo zvakakonzerwa yezwi asingabati mamiriro, rakanga rachena simbi uye kuderedza ayo zvemaziso ehupfumi.

The zvemichina rakaoma pasi utsotso tembiricha (avhareji kusvika 1000? C), asi kwemakore akawanda alloying zvinhu zviri substantially wakakwirira kupfuura izvi pamwero.

Most zvinobudirira dare kunzwisisa alloying. Panguva iyoyowo, unofanira kufunga kuwedzera mukana wokuti panguva iyoyo castings, cracking walnut mukana vachikanda kuremara. Kuti aite muitiro rikurumidze mune remagetsi uye induction yamavira. Fanira kutevedzana matanho ari yepamusoro kupisa kurapwa.

Chromium chakakandirwa necheni vanoonekwa ne mukuru vapfeke nemishonga, simba, kupisa nemishonga, kuramba kuchembera uye ngura (CHH3, CHH16). Kushandiswa kwemakemikari engineering kweShanduro metallurgia michina.

Kandira simbi yakapambadzirwa pamwe nesilicon, vanoonekwa ne mukuru ngura kurwisa kuramba migumisiro zvokurwa makemikari, kunyange inogutsa zvemaziso ehupfumi (CHS13, CHS17). Form zvikamu kwemakemikari midziyo, muridzo unoridzirwa uye pombi.

Muenzaniso zvikuru kunzwisisa alloying vari kupisa nemishonga vachikanda simbi. Ivo ane dzavo sezvamunoita uye dema alloying nesimbi akadai chromium, manganese, nickel. Vari nemupristi ngura nemishonga inozivikanwa, kupfeka kurwisa uye kuramba yakakwirira atinosangana pasi ezvinhu soro kukanganisa - zvikamu turbines, pombi, Motors, kemikari indasitiri midziyo (CHN15D3SH, CHN19H3SH).

An rokuti chinokosha yemhangura, iyo ari kuita kunzwisisa chete nedzimwe simbi, kutsinga zvechadenga chiwanikwa inowedzerawo.

mhangura chiwanikwa

Rinoshandiswa kwaro wakachena chimiro uye akaumbwa alloys mhangura vane zvakawanda zvichienderana nhamba huru uye alloying okunze, nendarira, ndarira, nickel sirivha, nezvimwe nelziybery.

Zvakachena nendarira - zingi chiwanikwa - kwete doped. Kana zvinosanganisira Zvinoumba alloying isiri ferrous nesimbi mune imwe mari - iri kuonekwa multicomponent. Bronze - nayo alloys nedzimwe esimbi zvinoriumba, unogona kuva gaba kana mugaba tubhokisi, doped nguva dzose. Kuvandudzwa unhu nokushandisa MN, Fe, Zn, Ni, Sn, Pb, Iva, Al, P, Si.

The nesilicon zviri yeimwe mhangura anovandudza dzavo ngura nemishonga, simba uye elasticity; netini nomutobvu, - kusarudza unhu uye antifriction zvakanaka zvatariswa hama machinability; nickel uye manganese - zvinoriumba, dzinonzi deformable alloys izvo vanewo kunobatsirawo pamusoro ngura kuramba; simbi anovandudza zvemaziso zvivako zinc - rwokugadzira.

Ivo zvinoshandiswa zvemagetsi ouinjiniya sezvo kumboenda mbishi zvinhu nokuda kwezvifananidzo zvaAtemisi dzakasiyana-siyana waya, zvenyama nokuti mukugadzira dzinonetsa zvinoriumba makemikari zvokushandisa, mune zvokuimba engineering midziyo kuvakwa, mune nyere nekudziya exchangers.

aruminiyamu doping

Senzira Kudzingwa kana vachibata alloys. Doped Metals kwayo hwaro ndivo yeimwe zvemhangura, manganese, kana magnesium (duralumin, etc.), ekupedzisira - remubatanidzwa pamwe nesilicon, anonzi silumins, pamwe zvose zvinobvira nzira dziri doped kushandisa Kr, MG, Zn, Co, cu, Si.

Copper kunowedzera plasticity kwayo; Nesilicon - the fluidity uye unhu Kudzingwa zvivako; chromium, manganese, magnesium - kuvandudza simba, kubudiswa zvivako uye kumanikidzwa machinability ngura nemishonga. Uyewo sezvo alloying zvinoriumba kuita kuti kuramba kukwegura uye nehasha anodawo mamiriro anogona wokurera B, Pb, Zr, Ti, Bi.

Iron - chinhu chisingadiwi zvinoriumba, asi muzvinhu zviduku zvakawanda zvinoshandiswa pakugadzira aruminiyamu foil. Silumin akashandisa kudzingira kutsoropodza kumativi uye housings mune zvokuimba mapurani. Duralumin uye punching ane aruminiyamu anotsanangura alloys - inokosha mbishi zvinhu nokuda kwezvifananidzo zvaAtemisi Hull zvinhu, kusanganisira simba zvivako zviri ndege kuvaka, shipbuilding uye muchina.

Yakapambadzirwa nesimbi zvinobatanidzwa zvose nzvimbo indasitiri akadai avo kuti kwakavandudza zvemaziso uye kwesayenzi maitiro, sezvo tichienzanisa kuti kutanga zvinhu. Kuwanda alloying zvinhu uye yaibvira michina yemazuva kubvumira kuti okunatsiridza siyana kuti kuwedzera mano mune zvesainzi.