Nzira itsva kukwegura nebhitumini murabhoritari

Nzira itsva kukwegura nebhitumini murabhoritari.

Nyaya inorondedzera kukwegura mishonga kutanga mutete (300 microns) firimu kuti pfupi uye nguva yakareba. The nzira itsva huri zvakangonyuka rinogona kutsiva bvunzo dzakashandiswa: tikaisa dzakaonda firimu muovheni (RTFO) uye Pressure poKukwegura (Pav). Nzira itsva rinonzi nyore nzira kukwegura (nyore kukwegura bvunzo, Sat), zvinogona kushandiswa kuchenesa uye dzakachinjwa nebhitumini emulsion uye vakasara. Asati Implementation ari inokosha purogiramu mugwagwa zvidzidzo paiva zvinokosha kufarira yakwegura iri nhete firimu pasi kunofambira mberi ezvinhu. Zvisinei, kwenguva pfupi kukwegura nzira rakazoshandiswa RTFO, kana kuedza vachikotama danda rheometer waida vakawanda vakwegura Asphalt. Sezvo kuitwa mureza sezvo nzira RTFO akataura zvimwe zvinetso kana ukaedza kuzvishandisa kuti kukwegura anokosha dzakachinjwa binders. Panyaya inodziya musanganiswa RTFO nzira panguva yakaderera tembiricha (simulation yakaderera kugadzira tembiricha) anogona zvehurumende vamwe pamusoro rinopfungaira firimu kuti dzakafanana kukwegura mashoko. Plastometer ichangobva yakatanga kushanda panheyo guru fura (DSR) ne 4-mm inofambirana Mahwendefa anobvumira kukuedzai pa kutonhora kusvika -40 ° C, zvinoda 25 chete MG pamusoro bhainda, uye anobvumira kuti kufungidzira M-ukoshi uye kusasarura Rigidity nokuda vachikotama danda rheometer. Kushandisa nzira iyi pavanoparidza akagara anosarudza kuti rheology pamusoro bitumens, pfupi kana refu makore pasi tembiricha yakaderera uye unosvikirwa. Uyezve, pane zvinhu zvakakwana makore kuti DSR mhando rheometer pamwe 25mm kwamahwendefa. Fri nzira anobvisa chinetso "rinopfungaira" ivhu kuti polymer-dzakachinjwa asphalt uye kudziya. Panguva miedzo pakubhadhara anoverengeka Asphalt kunge kuchiratidzwa kuti parameters izvi akagara nzira nguva uye kuchembera tembiricha yakaenzana kana uchishandisa RTFO uye Pav maitirwe ezvinhu.

ziviso

Solidification pamusoro kuchembera pasi pokudzora oxidation - muitiro kuti kunoitika apo nokuiswa inopisa kunovhengana, uyewo panguva upenyu kutenderera mugwagwa pamusoro. Hune zvahunoita unhani kuita zvikuru zvakadai rutting, cracking walnut uye delamination uye, somugumisiro, mukurumari. solidification Modelling Kukwegura mu murabhoritari ezvinhu kunokosha zvikuru kuti pokumuka nokurondedzerwa kwakavakirwa vaita unhu. Kudzidza uku rinorondedzera nzira itsva oxidation rebvunzo matete firimu yokuenzanisira, kuti anopa nemigumisiro yakaenzana mureza maitirwo ezvinhu tikaisa dzakaonda firimu muchoto (RTFO, ASTM D2872 nzira) uye kukwegura ari mukamuri zvaoma (Pav, ASTM D6521 nzira) yakaisvonaka bhitumini. Kugona kuchaita kubudirira Muedzo matete firimu (akawanda zana nm) - iri nzira rikamuka ichangopfuura rheometer maererano nheyo guru fura, iyo inoita kuidzwa pakati ivhu dzimwe kutonhora kusvika -40 ° C, zvinoda 25 chete MG kuti mharidzo, uye rinosanganisira kugadziridzwa kuti deformation pamusoro mudziyo [1 ].

Test nzira bhitumini dzakaonda firimu iri romoto yakazokudziridzwa mukutanga 60s Hveem [2] uye kwave kugamuchirwa zviri ASTM 1970 gore. Munguva Implementation pamusoro motokari Strategic Program zveBhaibheri rakachengetedzwa akasarudzwa sezvo mutemo Modelling pfupi okurapa kukwegura kuti zvinoitika kana tichigadzira. Pari magadzirirwo rinoshandiswa Specification nebhitumini Superpave.

The chikuru kushandisa imwe nzira pakati mutete firimu nebhitumini mu sechoto panguva bvunzo kutenderera (RTFOT) asati dzakaonda firimu muchoto Muedzo kunofambira mberi (TFOT, ASTM D1754 Method) iri chokwadi kuti kutenderera magirazi midziyo iri pasi kuchembera nzvimbo huru dzokuenzanisira pamusoro. Zvisinei, nhamba rotations uye sei yakachena mharidzo pechiso zvinosiyana zvichienderana viscosity nebhitumini pamberi yokuedzwa, uye kuchinja viscosity mumuedzo. Motional nokusanganisira kuti bhitumini ari mumidziyo iri kuoma nokuda polymer-nebhitumini nadzurudzo. Neb RTFO bvunzo tembiricha kuti Modelling oxidation kuitika pagadzirwe inodziya kunovhengana, zvichikonzera matambudziko akafanana.

Kuderedza kana kubvisa vachishandisa kutenderera mavhoriyamu kutenderera padzinoenzaniswa ne nzira RTFO kuti zvikuru dzakachinjwa bhitumini - dambudziko yave kuzivikanwa [3] makore akawanda. Bahia [3] zvinganaka kurigadzirisa Zvinoti kuombekwa imwe simbi tsvimbo muruoko chinu saka anopa firimu rakapararira. Kuedza inoitiswa Federal Highway Administration uye Southeast boka asphalt vagadziri akaratidza kuti simbi tsvimbo kuderedza mwero bhitumini vakwegura (sezvo dzakachinjwa uye unmodified) uye zvinobatsira kuti leakage nebhitumini (zvose mhando) kubva [4] mumidziyo. Kunyange zvazvo simbi shamhu anoita dzinobatsira leakage nebhitumini kubva chinu, asi polymer-dzakachinjwa bitumens zvinowanzotaurwa ichiyerera kuburikidza girobhu racho nharaunda, kunyange kana shamhu kwete. Chikonzero ichi - Weissenberg kushanda (Lift visco-kwakavharwa nenyama mvura iri kutenderera shamhu) [5]. Zvinofungirwa kuti kwakavharwa nenyama simba (Munotatamura pamusoro polymer ngetani) kunokonzerwa vachishandisa kutenderera girazi Mabumba, zvichiguma akanaka vertically rinotungamirirwa simba, iyo hunokonzera Kumutsa bhitumini pamusoro yomukati pamadziro chinu.

The Kugadzirisa matambudziko aya chaiva hwaro basa Western Research Institute (WRI) pamusoro nzira itsva pfupi uye kwenguva refu kukwegura, inova nyore muitiro kukwegura (Sat) rakashevedzwa. Iye rakazvipira ino.

By Sat nzira, serimwe rinogona kutsiva mureza RTFO uye RTFO / Pav, akapa zvinotevera zvinodiwa:

1) The dhigirii kukwegura anofanira yakaenzana kuti RTFOT nzira. Chero bedzi Superpave nokurondedzerwa dzinobva migumisiro nemiedzo RTFOT, chero Nzira itsva inofanira kutevedza kukwegura RTFOT kuti wakachena bhitumini.

2) Nyore, hapana chikonzero kuchenesa mumidziyo. The bvunzo nzira iri kuti kwenguva pfupi placement vakwegura mharidzo zvakananga muchoto nokuda kwenguva refu zvokukwegura.

3) Huwandu bhitumini vachava zvakakwana kuona mugiredhi ari kupinda indekisi (SHRP PG) nokurondedzerwa makemikari anoumba.

4) Kana akaisa kana kubvisa ivhu harifaniri kushandiswa zvokufembedzwa, riri kunyanya kukosha polymer-dzakachinjwa bitumens.

5) The firimu ukobvu inofanira kuva pasi kuitira kubvisa dambudziko reokisijeni diffusion, aripo pabvunzo ivhu vari mira ezvinhu (TFOT).

6) Nzira kubvumira kuti kuderedza tembiricha kuti vatevedzere kugadzirwa mamiriro, kwoushamwari musanganiswa.

7) Test nguva anofanira kuva zvishoma pane kana RTFO bvunzo RTFO / Pav.

8) Nzira vanofanira kuva pasi mutengo.

9) A Nzira vanofanira kubvumira kukwegura mafirimu kubva emulsion vakasara.

Oxidative kukwegura firimu (firimu Ukobvu anoverengeka zana microns) anokwanisa Zvisinei azadzise kupfuura zvose zvinodiwa, nokuti nekutambira bvunzo SHRP Asphalt zvinoda guru kwazvo nzvimbo dzokuenzanisira pamusoro. Kunyanya, dambudziko anova nemiedzo pamwe vachikotama danda rheometer, sezvo mumwe mharidzo tsotso kutora 15 magiramu nebhitumini, uye ivhu izvi vanoda vamwe. SHRP bvunzo panguva svikiro uye yakakwirira tembiricha dzinoitwa mberi ane simba fura rheometer (DSR), izvo zvinoda magiramu mashomanene nebhitumini.

Zvave kuti nokugadzirwa ane simba fura rheometer (DSR) ne 4-mm inofambirana Mahwendefa anobvumira kukuedzai pa kutonhora kusvika -40 ° C, zvinoda 25 chete MG pamusoro bhainda, uye anobvumira kuti kufungidzira M-ukoshi uye Rigidity zvaizopedza [6] nokuti curving rheometer danda. Next achapiwa rondedzero uwane ruzivo urwu. Kubatana dzaro nzira firimu kukwegura - RTFOF nzira nzira. Uyezve, pashure bvunzo ndiyo bhitumini kwakakwanira SHRP bvunzo yakaderera, svikiro uye yakakwirira tembiricha.

Research uye kugadzira nemiedzo vatsva gumi adarika, kunyanya mune zvinotevera zvinangwa:

a) Gadzirai bvunzo pashure mashomanana magiramu nebhitumini anoongororwazve pamusoro vachikotama danda rheometer;

b) Kuti vagadzirise dambudziko bhitumini ichiyerera ichibva chinu panguva RTFO bvunzo;

c) Kuti vagadzirise dambudziko pokukungurutsira polymer-dzakachinjwa bhitumini kuti RTFOT bvunzo.

Mienzaniso tishandire zvinotevera nzira: Test pamusoro yakwegura ari kutenderera humburumbira (RCAT) [7], mumwe dzakachinjwa German Chakabva chinu (MGRFT) [4], muedzo pamwe kumanikidzwa kufefetedza (SAFT) [8].

Experimental chikamu Materials

Rheometer nokuti simba fura dzinoshandawo 4 mm inofambirana mahwendefa

Controversy pamusoro glycerol module ari rinoonekera ezvinhu (Gg) akaita Schröter [9] muitiro kukanganisa nokururamiswa kukumikidza fura rheometer, ayo Fittings uye ndiro. Sui [1] akashandisa kugadziridzwa ichi nokuyerwa guru fura bhitumini yakaderera tembiricha (-5 ° C ... -40 ° C) nokuti 4-mm dzakafanana mahwendefa, mumwe pakaputsika 1,7 mm (munyaya, nzira iyi anonzi 4-mm guru fura rheometer ).

Yakaderera maitikiro (mukuru tembiricha) nebhitumini nyore kufurirwa, uye kukanganisa kururamisa kunyora nezvavo chokushandisa. At yakakwirira maitikiro (yakaderera tembiricha) kuzvirereka zvinyamusi, uye kuitira kuti vawane kukosha module pakati pfava kutsemuka bhitumini Kuyera fura rheometer kuchinja zvinoshanda zvechokwadi.

To bvunzo kunoda 25 chete MG zvinhu (mu uchidzidzira - vanenge 150 MG kuti kugadzirwa dzokuenzanisira muenzaniso), ndiro mirairo wandei unokosha kuvatumwa zvakakodzera kubudisa kubhawa bvunzo pamusoro vachikotama danda rheometer.

Preconditioning kuti mimwe rotsvakwa. Bookmark in rheometer rinoitwa panguva tembiricha hwaiva pasi (60-70 ° C).

Muchidzidzo ichi, kudzidzwa rheological zvivako rinoitwa kushandisa 4-mm guru fura rheometer. M-kukosha uye fura kuomarara S (T) zvinofungidzirwa kuburikidza kuwirirana ane 4-mm guru fura rheometer yakagadzirirwa sui [6]. Nzira sui chawo munyonga yorusvingo, uye kutandara modulus fura kushushikana G (t) nokuti 2 kwemaawa correlated pamwe runoenzanirana tsika S (T) uye M nokuda 60 masekonzi ari tembiricha 10 ° C pamusoro wechokwadi pasi tembiricha kuti giredhi dzakapiwa, vakawana somugumisiro nokuyerwa riri rheometer ane vachikotama danda. Sui Method zvakachinja nokuyera zvinodiwa yorusvingo uye kwakakura G (t) nokuti 60 masekonzi ari tembiricha 10 ° C yepamusoro tembiricha mugiredhi SP. Rheology panguva svikiro uye yakaderera tembiricha akanga akayera Panhivi 8 mm mu dhayamita uye 25 mm.

The yakawiriranwa Kutendeuka ane simba kwakavharwa nenyama modulus G '(ω) ari kutandara module vakaurayiwa rakada equations yaiwana Christensen [10]:

G (T) ~ G '(ω) | ω = 2 / πt

Kuyerwa guru fura moduli yaiitwa kutenderera simba fura rheometers uye Malvern Kinexus TA Ares. Kuverenga Frequency kutsvaira akanga akatakurwa achiburitswa kunze nenguva zvikamu 15 ° C muna zvinobva -30 kusvikira + 45 ° C ane chisina kutsetseka Frequency siyana pamusoro 0.1 kusvika 100 rad / chik. Yakaderera tembiricha yakakwirira kakawanda muganhu kutsvaira akanga akatura kuna 50 rad / chik.

Application Technology 4mm guru fura rheometer zvingashandiswa "mumunda" nokuti kuongorora microsamples kuongorora chokupika ehupfumi zviri zvinhu zviri unhani uye kuongorora kutsanangura rheological zvivako nebhitumini uye adzikinura bhainda panguva svikiro uye yakaderera tembiricha kutsanangura rheology pamusoro emulsion precipitate uye zvinhu kuti ichizadza makatsemuka uyewo nokuda kukura bvunzo nzira nhete firimu - chinangwa ino.

michini Spectroscopy

VaIri ongororo yakaitwa mu "Kupfuudzwa" nzira iri yesero 1.0 mm pamwe wezvaizogona 50 MG nebhitumini muna 1 ml kabhoni disulfide. 32 Ongororo zvinogara Zvaiitirwa Equipment: Perkin Elmer YOKOHAMA 100, chisarudzo 4 masendimita-1.

zvinhu

Table 1 inotsanangura mhando nebhitumini kuongororwa. Mimwe akatorwa kubva tangi panguva mugwagwa kuvakwa mabasa. Vatatu binders mana akagadzirira bvunzo nzvimbo muna Rochester, Minnesota, United States (yakavakwa muna 2006). Asphalt "MV" (Manitoba) vakagadzirira pamwe polygon bvunzo inodziya kunovhengana muna Manitoba, Canada, yakavakwa muna 2010 gore.

Results uye Discussion

Development pamusoro Sat unyanzvi, ayo tichienzanisa RTFO uye RTFO / Pav

Zvinofanira kurangarirwa kuti pfungwa haisi akagara idzva. Kuchembera dzakaonda bhitumini mafirimu kuti vatevedzere pfupi uye refu refu oxidative kukwegura, kunoitika munguva kuvhiyiwa chaiyo, zvikuru kudzidza kwemakore 70 apfuura. Kuongororwa vakapedza zvinyorwa Airey [11].

Development ane nzira akagara ndiko rusesi uye kuchinja zvidzidzo yaivapo Kukwegura mafirimu dzakatetepa, kunyanya Glover zvidzidzo [8, 12] uye Petersen [13]. The mukwanisi kushandisa 4-mm guru fura rheometer kuti anotibvumira funga unyanzvi ichi sezvo RTFOT zvinotsiva.

In pakuva akagara matambudziko kwaiva kugovera shoma firimu ukobvu uye pakudaro kuderedza diffusion maturo. Mumuedzo uye kukanganisa akasarudzwa Ukobvu 300 nm, vachibvumira kupa nhete firimu pasina kushandisa solvent. Vhoriyamu dzokuenzanisira kuti rheological uye makemikari tsvakurudzo kwave mumwe vakaomerwa chinhu.

Fri bvunzo protocols vari kupiwa Table 2: The pfupi-rokuti muedzo inodziya Asphalt kunovhengana pa 130 ° C kwemaminitsi 50 sechoto pamwe kumanikidzwa nokurova. Protocol rokutanga, kubvira zvino isu chete atanga basa akaenzanisa Kuchembera akaita maererano dzakati uye kukwegura, izvo zviri chaizvoizvo kuitika mumugwagwa umo ukapisa murwi inodziya musanganiswa.

Muonde. 2 inoratidza mudziyo ichangopfuura akagadzirirwa nganisa uye refu kukwegura ari mutete firimu iri vagere nzira. The ndiro 3 ane slots kuti kuchembera 3 mafirimu siyana, mumwe nomumwe wavo kunoda 1.00 g bhitumini, zvinopa firimu Ukobvu approx. 300 nm.

Kugadzirira matete mafirimu nebhitumini bvunzo rinoitwa sezvinotevera. The pressurized kushanda bhokisi, vakazadzwa senitrogen, vakaiswa nenharo (vanenge 120 ° C) chemwenje, uye kuti ape bwendefa bvunzo Sat (nebhitumini). Kana neshungu kuti 120 ° C anoparadzira bhitumini inenge 2/3 pamusoro pemvura nzvimbo yacho ndiro. Spatula bhitumini chakatasanurwa pamusoro vamwe pamusoro mundiro, uye ipapo kuzvisiyira mubhokisi kwemaminitsi mashoma kuitika bhitumini kunangiswa firimu pemvura. The ndiro akabva abviswa kudziyisa uye kubvumirwa kumira mukamuri kuchitonhora mumba tembiricha (23 ° C) vakazadzwa senitrogen.

Mugumo ndiro rakanga akachera gomba kupinza munhu thermocouple nako tembiricha hwakanyorwa muvira pamwe kumanikidzwa nokurova. The ndiro anoiswa mune preheated aruminiyamu nechigumbuso iyo inopa nokukurumidza kudziyisa rebvunzo Panel mu sechoto. Muonde. 3A anoratidza mashoko pamusoro tembiricha muchoto (a thermocouple Data iri ndiro). Registration Kwaiitirwa kwemaminitsi 50, choto tembiricha - 150 ° C. The tembiricha nendiro inowedzera nokukurumidza kubva ambient kusvika anenge 140 ° C uye rinosvika 146 ° C pashure maminitsi 50.

Zano pfupi uye kwenguva kukwegura kunoratidzwa Fig. 3b. Kukura ndiro vakasarudzwa kuti ndiro rinogona rakapinzwa mureza mudziyo tireyi pressurized zvokukwegura.

Unowanikwa kuti bvunzo firimu Ukobvu 300 nm kwemaawa anenge 40 sechoto pamwe kumanikidzwa nokurohwa pa 100 ° C uye kumanikidzwa 0,74 ATM kupa migumisiro zvinoenderana Pav mureza (ASTM D6521) kuti firimu ine 3.2 mm gobvu bvunzo pa 20 ATM mu mureza tireyi. Duration maawa 40 ari anofungidzirwa, sezvo paine mutsauko kumanikidzwa pa bitumens vakwegura [14]. Kuchembera of firimu 300 nm gobvu ari mudziyo pasi kumanikidzwa 20 ATM kwemaawa 8 yakabereka chete Level kukwegura pasi pomureza bvunzo ine tireyi uye firimu ukobvu maererano nokurondedzerwa.

Kuti tizive anofungidzirwa nguva netembiricha uko simulated kukwegura, akafanana kuti mitemo uye RTFO RTFO / Pav ir Spectroscopy yaishandiswa. Initial chokufenbera date riri ipapo tichienzanisa kuverengwa rheological kuongorora. Somuenzaniso, muna Fig. 4a inoratidza fananidzo vaIri spectra (Sat, RTFO, RTFO / Pav) bhitumini "MV" pamusoro protocols akanyorwa Table 2. In Fig. 4 inoratidza runoenzanirana mashoko rheological kuongorora - zvakaoma fura modulus G * (ω). Zvinogona kuonekwa kuti spectra akafanana chaizvo.

Kuenzanisa IP uye rheology

Table 3 inoratidza tikaenzanisa SP bhitumini makore nokuda RTFO ruzivo, RTFO / Pav uye akagara. Zvakaonekwa kuti pfupi uye kwenguva refu kukwegura kwemigumisiro vakawana kushandisa michina yakasiyana vari chibvumirano akanaka.

Method Sat haana chinokosha chaizvo SP bhitumini (kusanganisira padzinoenzaniswa maererano dzakati ST Sat HMA LT FDO, izvo zvingasiyana kubva bvunzo ezvinhu ST Sat LT Pav uye RTFO / Pav nokuda pakunzwisisa kufurirwa musiyano. Zvinozoitika zvakafanana chaizvo.)

Tikaenzanisa yakaderera SP (m-ukoshi), svikiro (G * / sinδ) uye yakakwirira (G * / sinδ) tembiricha kuti nzira Sat, RTFO uye RTFO / Pav kuratidzwa azvaitwa muna Fig. 5, 6 ne7 Kana SP kuongorora dzimwe tembiricha yakaderera kunoratidza chete M-ukoshi sezvo bitumens vakanga vadzidza mamita-kudzorwa. Tsika anopiwa ane kururama mumwe opareta nokuda ASTM (d2s%). Somuenzaniso, kururama rimwe opareta M pakukura ASTM D6648-08 iri 4.0%.

Kukanganisa imwe opareta kunokosha kuti kuedza anoitwa musi mumwe opareta chete mune imwe murabhoritari rheometer. Vatatu mhando ina bhitumini undosangana akataura nhanho zvakarurama, izvo zvinoreva kuti rheology Data yaunganidzwa dzokudzidzisa Sat, uye RTFO RTFO / Pav akafanana.

The chikamu muzana Kuchinja vakawanda

Muzana uremu shanduko kubva nzira RTFO kukwegura akanga akayera maererano nzira AASHTO T240. The uremu changed panguva pfupi kukwegura nzira akagara kunoyerwa zvakafanana, i.e., changed bhitumini gobvu kunoratidzirwa kuva chikamu mukanyiwa yepakutanga. Kufirwa gobvu ndiro kunaka, kuwedzera - yakanaka. kurasikirwa uremu rinowanzoshandiswa kwakacherechedzwa mumakore bvunzo RTFOT, kunyange zvazvo kuwedzera ndechokuti zvinogona [15]. Achienzanisa kuchinja uremu panguva nomuedzo akagara RTFO nzira dziri kupiwa Table 4.

Two Asphalt ari kubva muzana uremu kuchinja musiyano iri kunyora nezvavo. Nemimwe miedzo inogona kuonekwa kuti nzira vagere mukuru uremu kupfuura RTFO, kunyange chete zvishoma. Kuti vanoti akagara ari statistically chakasiyana RTFO ane uremu nemaonero, inoda okuwedzera kuedza.

mhedziso

In kuferefeta rakachena bhitumini enzaniso akaratidza kuti agara nzira rinopa migumisiro akafanana nemigumisiro bvunzo mureza uye RTFO RTFO / Pav mumaonero rheology, uye kuti muduku kumwero akafanana panguva miedzo kuti manyowa kubva carbonyl uye sulfoxide.

Tikafunga nzira pamwe agara bvunzo 4 mm guru fura rheometer pamwe inofambirana mahwendefa kuona rheological zvivako uye Specification parameters (m-ukoshi uye fura kuomarara) pa tembiricha yakaderera. Kuti aite pfupi kukwegura kuti agara nzira zvinoda maminitsi chete 50, maminitsi 35, asingasviki zvakafanira kuti RTFOT mureza.

More pazvese, nokuti kwenguva refu vakwegura pasi nevamwe mudziyo pedyo nzira vagere zvaida maawa 8, maawa 12 mberi mureza zvaidiwa bvunzo Pav. Pari, basa riri kuitwa kuti chikumbiro Fri nzira polymer-dzakachinjwa bhitumini emulsion precipitate akapora bhitumini, uyewo Modelling pamusoro oxidative kukwegura, kunoitika panguva azoshandiswa chirimwa inodziya kongiri.

Mumwe bwendefa agara bvunzo nzira kunoita kuwana 3 g pakati bhitumini vakwegura. Izvi zvakakwana kutsanangura rheological uye zvemakemikari zvivako yakaderera, svikiro uye yakakwirira tembiricha. Kana uchida mamwe bhainda vakwegura vanogona kuva vakagadzirira uye pasi vakwegura panguva mahwendefa shoma.

Article: A nzira itsva kukwegura nebhitumini murabhoritari.

Apkalimov Denis, LLC "EPC" Rotor "