Kutongwa uye kukanganisa: zvakanakira nekuipira

Vanhu yakatanga makore anoverengeka zviuru akapfuura. Uye panguva iyoyo zvose izvi zviri kuramba Virtual. Zvikonzero ichi kwagara yakawanda, asi pasina youchenjeri murume hadzisi zvinobvira. Kutongwa uye kukanganisa kwave uye pari imwe huru.

Description nzira

Zvakajeka zvakanyorwa magwaro kare nzira iyi ishoma. Asi, pasinei ichi, sezvarinokodzera vainyatsotarisirwa.

Kutongwa uye kukanganisa - imwe nzira umo mhinduro zvinoitwa kusarudzwa nzira sokuvapo mugumisiro haasi aizova (somuenzaniso, masvomhu) kana chinogamuchirika (pa kuumba nzira itsva science).

Vanhu hwagara zvinowanikwa nenzira iyi. Nehasha zana apfuura, vanachiremba vakaedza kuwana muvanhu vanhu vakashandisa nzira iyi cognition. Uye vakabudirira. Munhu ari kutsvaka mhinduro dambudziko, kumanikidzwa kusarudza kuita kuedza uye mutarise mugumisiro. Rinotora chero pasina kuzarurirwa kwasvika panyaya. The experimenter anoenda kuvandudza kufunga panyaya iyi.

Nzira munhoroondo yenyika

Mumwe yakakurumbira vanhu vaishandisa nzira iyi yaiva Edison. Munhu wose anoziva nhoroondo girobhu racho yake kuvamba. Iye vaedza kusvikira zvino, harisati zvaitika. Asi Edison rukwane nzira iyi. Kana kutsvaka zvinogadzirisa, akaudzawo basa pakati vanhu vakashanda naye. Saka, mashoko ari kugamuchira zvakawanda kupfuura mubasa mumwe munhu. Uye nokuda kutongwa uye yokukanganisa mashoko rakanga rakabudirira mune mabasa Edison raMwari. Pamusana murume uyu akanga tsvakurudzo Kudya, iyo inoshandiswa, zvikurukuru, uye ichi nzira.

dhigirii yakaoma

In nzira iyi, pane zvakawanda siyana yakaoma. Vakakamurwa saka nokuda nani Absorção de Água. Basa yokutanga chechetere anoonekwa kuva nyore, uye kutsvaka kwayo mhinduro akashandisa zvimwe simba. Asi mhinduro iye haana zvakawanda. With kuwedzera dhigirii yakaoma kunowedzera uye kunzwisisa kwakaita basa. Kutongwa uye Error Zvinokonzerwa 5 - kupfuura intractable uye nguva yakawanda.

Zvakakosha kuyeuka kuti muwanze kwevari kunzwisisa uye kuwedzera uwandu ruzivo namadhimoni murume. Kuti tinzwisise zviri nani zviri mungozi, funga magadzirirwo. Rokutanga uye rechipiri mumatunhu kubvumira vavambi kuvandudza nayo. Mumakore padariro kunzwisisa pave chigadzirwa zvachose itsva.

Somuenzaniso, nyaya yacho kana vechiduku nyaya chinyorwa akatora intractable zvinetso mhepo wekushandisa. Students vasina ruzivo zvakafanana masayendisiti vakawanda vakashanda munzvimbo iyi, asi nokuda siyana zivo vana kuwana mhinduro. Uye nzvimbo mhinduro yakanga iri kure zvesayenzi confectionery bhizimisi. Zvaizoratidza sokuti izvi hazvibviri, asi ichokwadi. Young vanhu vakanga kunyange akapa Copyright gwaro nokuda kuvamba kwavo.

zvakanakira nzira

Kunakisa wokutanga hapana chakaipa kuti vanzi okusika. kubudikidza kutongwa uye kukanganisa, dambudziko riri kugadziriswa kubvumira kushandisa zvose hemispheres uropi kutsvaga mhinduro.

Rinofanira kupa muenzaniso sei kuvaka chikepe. Kucherwa anoratidza sei pamusoro emakore, chidimbu chimwe inoshanduka chimiro. Vanotsvakurudza vari kuramba uchiedza chinhu chitsva. Kana muchikepe akanyura, ipapo rwizi kunze chimiro ichi kana zvakasara kuyangarara, ipapo unyeverwe. Saka, mumwe musarudze mhinduro yakawanikwa pakupedzisira.

Kana basa yakatarwa haasi zvakare kuoma, nzira iyi kunoda zvishoma nguva. Zvimwe zvinetso zvichiitika zvinogona dzakasiyana gumi, mumwe kana vaviri vari kwakarurama. Asi kana isu funga Somuenzaniso, robotics, kana ichi pasina kushandisa dzimwe nzira kuongorora anogona hakumbofi emakore uye ichaunza mamiriyoni zvokusarudza.

Weboka mabasa dzakasiyana siyana kuti vaongorore sei kutsanya uye anogona kumirira kutsvaka mhinduro. Izvi zvinoderedza nguva chisarudzo. Uye nzira yokuedza zvinogona kushandiswa kufanana mabasa nevamwe panguva dzakaoma.

Nokuremara

With kukura zvemichina nesayenzi, nzira iyi yakatanga kurasikirwa mukurumbira wayo.

Mune dzimwe nzvimbo kungoti musoro kusika zviuru ivhu, kushandura chimwe chinhu. Saka kazhinji ikozvino kushandisa dzimwe nzira yakavakirwa dzakananga ruzivo. To izvi kudzidza hunhu zvinhu, nesungano pakati okunze mumwe nomumwe. Steel akashandisa masvomhu uye zvidzidzo zvesainzi, kuedza uye zvakaitika kare.

Kutongwa uye kukanganisa ichiri kushandiswa mukuru basa. Asi kuti kuvaka motokari nenzira kare sokuti mano uye isingashandi. Saka zvino, munguva ino mamiriro yebudiriro, zvinokosha sayenzi chaiyo nokuda kworutivi kushandiswa dzimwe nzira.

Kazhinji, kana tichifunga nzira dambudziko anogona kutsanangura zvinhu zvakawanda zviduku chaizvo uye haana kufunga zvinhu zvinokosha munhu priori. Somuenzaniso, vakatanga kuti penicillin (asingaurayiwi) vaitaura kuti kuruoko nzira aigona wekuvamba mushonga kwemakore makumi maviri pamberi pake. Izvi zvingadai chakakonzera kuti ruponeso upenyu vasingaverengeki.

matambudziko akaoma kana kazhinji vane mamiriro ezvinhu umo mubvunzo pachayo iri chete nzvimbo unyanzvi, uye ayo mhinduro - zvachose zvakasiyana.

Kwete nguva dzose vaongorori vanodavira kuti mhinduro vachawanikwa zvachose.

Author nzira yokuedza

Chaizvoizvo ndiani tega nzira iyi ruzivo, hatizombofi kuziva. More chaizvo, tinoziva kuti zvakajeka ichi chaiva unyanzvi munhu uyo angangodaro wakatungamirirawo chido kuvandudza upenyu hwavo.

Munguva dzekare, vanhu vave zvikuru zvakawanda zvinhu zvizhinji. It invents zvose nzira iyi. Paiva kusina ruzivo inokosha wefizikisi, masvomhu, kemisitiri, uye nezvimwe sayenzi zvinokosha. Saka vaifanira kuita chero. Chaizvoizvo zvikaramba moto kuzvidzivirira pazvikara, kubika uye nokupisa musha. Zvombo kugovera zvokudya, zvikepe - nokuti kufamba pamusoro penzizi. Rakanga yakagadzirwa nevanhu kusangana yakaoma. Asi nguva dzose dambudziko solvable kwakatungamirira nani nemararamiro.

Zvinozivikanwa kuti nyanzvi dzakawanda vakashandisa nzira iyi mune zvaakanyora.

Zvisinei, ndiko kurondedzerwa nzira uye zvinoshingaira kushandiswa tinoona Thorndike physiologist pakupera rechigumi nemapfumbamwe remakore.

tsvakurudza Thorndike

Muenzaniso nzira yokuedza kunogona munyaya mabasa esayenzi musayendisiti-physiologist. Aitambisa siyana zvounhu kuedza nemhuka, achiisa navo mabhokisi inokosha.

Mumwe kuedza vakatarira anenge sezvinotevera. Cat anoiswa mubhokisi, ari kutsvaka nzira yokubuda. The bhokisi haambokwani kuva pfungwa yokutanga 1: waifanira tinya tsime - uye musuo anokandazve rakavhurika. Mhuka kushandiswa mabasa akawanda (anonzi ivhu), uye vazhinji vavo akava kubudirira. Cat uye akaramba ari mubhokisi. Asi pashure vamwe yakatarwa zvaungasarudza mhuka akakwanisa tinya tsime uye budai bhokisi. Saka, katsi achipinda bhokisi, nokufamba kwenguva mumusoro yemugumo. Uye anosarudza kubva bhokisi munguva pfupi.

Thorndike akaratidza kuti nzira ndohwechokwadi, uye kunyange mugumisiro hakusi Linear, asi nenguva, kudzokororwa nezviito zvakafanana, chisarudzo anouya anenge pakarepo.

Nekugadzirisa matambudziko kuburikidza kutongwa uye kukanganisa

Mienzaniso iyi zvizhinji, asi rinofanira kupa iwe munhu anonakidza zvikuru.

Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechimakumi maviri akararama yakakurumbira Mugadziri injini kuti ndege Mikulin. Panguva iyoyo, paiva guru yakawanda mhepo abondera nokuda magneto, kureva dzomoto mushure nguva ndege yakanyangarika. Pane zvave kuedza zhinji uye kufungidzira pamusoro chikonzero, asi mhinduro yakauya mamiriro ezvinhu asingatarisirwi.

Aleksandr Aleksandrovich akasangana murume mumugwagwa ane ziso dema. Nhambo yasvika kwaari, uye nzwisiso kuti munhu pasina ziso rimwe anoona zvakawanda kuipa. Paaibuda kwakacherechedzwa pamwe aviator Utochkin. Kana kuiswa iri aircraft magneto wechipiri yekudyidzana ungaderedza uwandu abondera. Uye apo Utochkin akabhadhara pashure mumwe muenzaniso ndege Mikulina mari mibayiro.

Kushandisa nzira iri masvomhu

Kazhinji kutongwa uye kukanganisa nzira iri masvomhu inoshandiswa muzvikoro senzira kuva musoro mafungiro uye vachiongorora nzira kutsvaka nokukurumidza. Izvi zvinobvumira kuti dzikurukure ruzivo pakudzidza uye kuita zvinhu mumutambo.

Kazhinji kuwanikwa mabhuku mabasa nemashoko "Kugadzirisa mukana wokuti vanhu vanga kubudikidza kutongwa uye kukanganisa." Muchiitiko ichi zvinokosha kusarudza mhinduro kusarudza. Kana akawana mhinduro yakarurama, iye chete akaratidza ari anenge, kureva akaita anodiwa Masvomhu. Somugumisiro, isu nechokwadi chokuti ichi ndiyo mhinduro chete yakarurama.

Muenzaniso dambudziko rinoshanda

kutongwa uye kukanganisa nzira iri masvomhu mugwaro 5 (okupedzisira Shanduro) kazhinji anooneka. Heuno muenzaniso.

Uchange akabvunza iyo mapato vanogona kuva rectangle. Kunopiwa kuti nzvimbo (S) = 32 cm uye mukomberedzo (P) = 24 cm.

The Dambudziko ichi: ngatiti pakureba rimwe divi uye 4. Naizvozvo kureba rumwe chete.

Tinowana zvinotevera mukana wokuti vanhu vanga:

24 - 4 - 4 = 16

16 yakakamurwa 2 = 8

8 masendimita - nohupamhi.

We tarisa nzira dzakaenzana. S = A * B = 8 * 4 = 32 masendimita. Sezvo tinogona kuona, kusarudza wakarurama. Unogona ngaaverenge mukomberedzo. By kukarukureta, zvinotevera kukarukureta p = 2 * (A + B) = 2 * (4 + 8) = 24.

In masvomhu, muedzo uye kukanganisa nzira hakusi kukuru kuwana mhinduro nguva dzose. Kazhinji, unogona kushandisa mamwe zvakakodzera nzira, panguva iyoyowo anotora nguva shoma. Asi nekuda kukura mafungiro, nzira iyi inowanika muna zvombo mudzidzisi ose.

Dzidziso Funga zvimwe zvokugadzira zvinetso

The TRIZ nzira yokuedza ichaongororwa imwe yenzvimbo va neudhadha. Kana munhu anopinda ezvinhu akaoma kujairika kwaari, zvinoitwa pavaidira, zvichida kuti akaneta. Unogona kupedza nguva yakawanda uye somugumisiro haana kubudirira. Dzidziso Funga zvimwe zvokugadzira zvinetso inobva anozivikanwa mitemo, uye dzinowanzoshandiswa dzimwe nzira cognition. TRIZ rinowanzoshandiswa dzidzo yevana, zvichiita muitiro mafaro uye dzinonakidza mwana.

zvakawanikwa

Zvatakurukura nzira iyi, tinogona kutaura nechivimbo kuti zvinofadza zvikuru. Pasinei ayo rinowanzoshandiswa matambudziko okusika.

Zvisinei, haugari kubereka zvinodiwa zvabuda. Never mutsvakurudzi haazivi kana kuti kurega kutsvaka kana zvingava kutsvakirwa vaviri kuita uye yakagadzirwa kukuru anoberekwa. Uyewo kujeka sei nguva yakawanda richaperera.

Kana ukasarudza kushandisa nzira iyi kugadzirisa dambudziko, unofanira kunzwisisa kuti dzimwe nguva mhinduro ungava usingatarisiri chose nzvimbo. Asi kunoita kuti kutarira kutsvaka nemamwe maonero. Ungafanira ndanyora pasi zvishoma gumi zvakasiyana, uye zvichida kunyange zviuru. Asi chete kutsungirira uye kutenda kubudirira kuchatungamirira achida mugumisiro.

Dzimwe nguva nzira iri kushandiswa nemamwe. Somuenzaniso, panguva kutanga kwekupwanyiwa kuderedza kutsvaka. Kana chidzidzo yakaitwa nenzira zhinji uye kusvika standstill. Panyaya iyi, okusika chezvinonhuwira nzira achibvumira kuwana nekuyanana chinetso chacho.

Kutongwa uye kukanganisa rinowanzoshandiswa pakudzidzisa. Kunoitawo vana pachavo ruzivo kuwana zvinogadzirisa mumamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana. It anovadzidzisa nomusoro akarurama maitiro vanogamuchirwa munzanga.

Artists vanoshandisa nzira iyi vatsvake tuso.

Nzira inofanira kuongororwa muupenyu hwezuva nezuva kana matambudziko. Zvichida zvimwe zvinhu vachaonekwa kwamuri nenzira yakasiyana.